Middle Childhood

Question 1

How much do children grow in middle childhood?

Answer 1

2-3 inches per year and 5-7 pounds per year

Question 2

From a cephalocaudal perspective, how does the body change in middle childhood?

Answer 2

The head circumference is now more in proportion with total body height

Question 3

From a proximodistal perspective, how does the body change in middle childhood?

Answer 3

Growth has now progressed from the trunk to the limbs and fine motor skills are developing.

Question 4

What are the differences between boys’ and girls’ growth during middle childhood?

Answer 4

Boys show greater gains in gross motor skills, and girls are more advanced in fine motor skills.

Question 5

What are the causes of child obesity?

Answer 5

Genetics
Socioeconomic status, leading to stress and lack of education
Poor behavioral patterns
Less physical activity

Question 6

What are the consequences of childhood obesity?

Answer 6

Depression
Low self-esteem
Social exclusion

Question 7

What percentage of children have ADHD across most cultures?

Answer 7

5%

Question 8

What are the 2 types of ADHD?

Answer 8

Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity

Question 9

What cognitive gains do children make in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 9

Conservation, classification, seriation, and some use of logic.

Question 10

What pattern of ADHD do girls have more often?

Answer 10

Inattention

Question 11

What are the health effects of obesity on children?

Answer 11

High blood pressure and high cholesterol, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
Breathing problems, such as asthma and sleep apnea.
Joint problems and musculoskeletal discomfort.
Fatty liver disease, gallstones, and gastro-esophageal reflux (i.e., heartburn).
Psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.
Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life.
Social problems such as bullying and stigma.

Question 12

What are the implications of child obesity on adulthood?

Answer 12

Children with obesity are more likely to become adults with obesity
If children have obesity, their obesity and risk factors in adulthood are likely to be more severe

Question 13

What community factors can have an effect on child obesity?

Answer 13

Affordability of healthy food
Peer and social support
Marketing and promotion
Policies that determine how a community is designed

Question 14

What community settings can help offer healthier food and provide opportunities for physical activity?

Answer 14

Childcare centers
Schools
Communities
Academic programs
Athletic programs
Multi-purpose programs
Off-campus community learning centers
Recreation centers

Question 15

What are the symptoms of inattention?

Answer 15

Difficulty staying on task, sustaining focus, staying organized.
Not due to defiance or lack of comprehension

Question 16

What are the symptoms of hyperactivity?

Answer 16

Moving constantly, fidgeting, tapping, talking.

In adults, may mean extreme restlessness or talking too much

Question 17

What are the symptoms of impulsivity?

Answer 17

Acting without thinking, difficulty with self-control, desire for instant gratification/inability to delay gratification.
May interrupt others or make important decisions without considering consequences

Question 18

How early can symptoms of ADHD show up?

Answer 18

3-6 years

Question 19

By what age do symptoms need to have been present in order for an adolescent of adult to be diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer 19

12 years

Question 20

Which ADHD type is more prevalent in young children?

Answer 20

Hyperactivity-impulsivity

Question 21

What are the 3 stages of morality?

Answer 21

Preconventional,
Conventional,
Postconventional

Question 22

What are the 6 substages of morality?

Answer 22

Obedience/punishment
Individualism/exchange (self-interest/reciprocity)
Interpersonal relationships (social harmony)
Social order
Social contract/individual rights
Universal principles

Question 23

Describe the obedience/punishment substage

Answer 23

Rules are fixed and absolute
Obeying rules is important because it avoids punishment
Most common in young children but can be seen in adults sometimes

Question 24

Describe the reciprocity/self-interest (individualism/exchange) substage

Answer 24

Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best choice was the one that served Heinz’s needs
Reciprocity (exchanging things for mutual benefit) is possible at this stage in moral development, but only if it serves one’s own interests

Question 25

Describe the preconventional stage

Answer 25

Earliest period of moral development
Lasts until about age 9
Children’s decisions are primarily shaped by adults’ expectations
Morality is externally controlled

Question 26

Describe the social harmony (interpersonal relationships) substage

Answer 26

“Good boy-good girl” orientation
Focused on living up to social expectations and roles
Emphasis on conformity, being “nice,” and consideration of how choices influence relationships

Question 27

Describe the social order substage

Answer 27

Focused on ensuring that social order is maintained
People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments
Maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority

Question 28

Describe the conventional stage

Answer 28

Acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral
Adolescents and adults internalize standards they have learned from role models and society
Acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group
Conformity to social rules

Question 29

Describe the social contract substage

Answer 29

Account for differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people
Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but the members of the society should agree upon these standards

Question 30

Describe the universal principles substage

Answer 30

Universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning

Follow internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules

Question 31

Describe the postconventional stage

Answer 31

Abstract principles of morality
Kohlberg believed that only 10-15% of people reached this stage
Stages 1-4 were universal around the world, but stages 5-6 were rare in all populations
Morality determined by abstract principles

Question 32

What were some critiques of Kohlberg’s theories?

Answer 32

Fairly secular, left out religious societies. Collectivist (Eastern) societies may have different moral outlooks
Moral reasoning does not equal moral behavior
Overemphasizes justice and leaves out factors like compassion, caring, other interpersonal feeling which may play an important part in moral reasoning
Most subjects were children under 16. lack of experience with marriage may have made Heinz dilemma difficult to understand Gender bias (Carol Gilligan) - all his subjects were male
Kohlberg believed that women tended to remain on the third level of moral development because they place a higher importance on social relationships and the welfare of others
May be better to look at from a cognitive perspective rather than a moral one

Question 33

What are 3 immediate consequences of divorce?

Answer 33

Sharp drop in income, especially in mother-headed households. Children’s Defense Fund: majority of families headed by a single mother live in poverty.
Increase in family conflict, as family members each cope in different ways
Changes in parenting styles, as parents try to cope with new family roles. Noncustodial parent may become more permissive. Custodial parent may become more authoritarian.

Question 34

How does the child’s age impact how they will react to divorce?

Answer 34

Young children may blame themselves
They may regress and behave in babyish ways like whining and clinging
Older children may have more understanding but act out in different ways
Older children have a harder time with remarriage.

Question 35

How does the child’s gender impact how they will respond to divorce?

Answer 35

Girls are more likely to internalize their problems, resulting in crying behaviors and withdrawing from others. However, girls act out more when a parent remarries
Boys are more likely to act out and engage in riskier behaviors. Boys have more detrimental consequences if they grow up in a single-parent family

Question 36

What are some risks to children affected by divorce?

Answer 36

Running away
Early sexual activity
Delinquency
Poor school performance

Question 37

Describe popular kids

Answer 37

Receive the most positive votes
Antisocial: engage in relational aggression like gossip, use of humiliation. They use their skills for harm
Prosocial: socially skilled, good listeners and communicators without the aggression

Question 38

Describe rejected kids

Answer 38

Actively disliked. Future risk for drug use, aggression, and delinquency - but NOT all rejected children will have future problems
Aggressive: invite negative attention due to hyperactive or aggressive behaviors. Act out, bully others.
Withdrawn: may just be shy, socially unskilled, or have physical features that bring attention

Question 39

Describe neglected kids

Answer 39

Mostly ignored by their peers. Rarely receive positive OR negative votes
Do not show the poor outcomes seen in rejected children
Choose to keep to themselves and seem happy doing so
Fairly socially skilled

Question 40

Describe controversial kids

Answer 40

Receive both positive and negative votes

Outcomes tend to be mixed

Question 41

How much exercise should children aged 6-17 get?

Answer 41

60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity