Prelinguistic period

Question 1

What are risk factors for communication disorders in infants?

Answer 1

Prenatal–alcohol/drug consumption during pregnancy, in utero infections

Prematurity and low birth weight

Genetic and congenital disorders

Hearing impairment, other conditions not detected until later

Question 2

What is prematurity?

Answer 2

Children born prior to 37 weeks gestation with low birth weight

Question 3

What is low birth weight?

Answer 3

Less than 2500 grams (5.5 lbs)

Question 4

What is very low birth weight?

Answer 4

Less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs)

Question 5

What is the risk of developmental delays for infants born before 27 weeks?

Answer 5

near 34%

Question 6

What is the risk of developmental delays for infants born before 23 weeks?

Answer 6

45%

Question 7

Why are very low birth weight babies at an increased risk for hearing impairment?

Answer 7

Illnesses, medications toxic to auditory system

Question 8

What are the types of feeding tubes commonly used for infant nonoral feeding?

Answer 8

Nasogastric–inserted through nose, descends down pharynx and into stomache

Orogastric (gavage) tube–inserted through mouth

Nasojejunal tube (gastronomy tube)–inserted into the second part of the intestine. Longer period of time

Question 9

What can SLPs do to help children on G tubes long term with future feeding?

Answer 9

Encourage parents to offer baby opportunities for non-nutritive sucking (Ex: pacifier), to strengthen sucking reflex

Question 10

What is cue based feeding?

Answer 10

Mother is taught to pay attention to infant cues of engagement in feeding to help the infant pace

Question 11

What are some techniques for facilitating feeding?

Answer 11

Positioning

pacing-allow infant 3-4 sucks of milk, gently remove nippled(to swallow), 2-3 sucks when baby shows feeding readiness, repeat until baby ends feeding.

Negative resistance–Feeder tugs back gently while infant sucking (stimulates longer and stronger suck for infants w/ inefficient sucking/biting)

Specialized feeding equipment (various flow rate, suction, compression)

Modifying temperature/consistency–colder slower, easier to swallow

Oral stimulation during feeding, as well as not during feeding

Question 12

What reflexes should be present in an infant during feeding?

Answer 12

Suckling, sucking, rooting, phasic bite reflex

Question 13

What is suckling?

Answer 13

Primative form of sucking, includes extension and retraction of the tongue and up and down jaw movements, loose lip closure

Question 14

What is sucking?

Answer 14

More mature pattern than suckling. More intraoral negative pressure is generated, tongue tip is elevated, lip approximation firmed, jaw movement more rhythmic

Question 15

What is rooting?

Answer 15

Causes infant to turn head toward the source of tactile stimulation (gentle rubbing) of the lips or lower cheek

Question 16

What is the phasic bite reflex?

Answer 16

When teeth or gums are stimulated, baby exhibits rhythmic bite and release pattern (can be observed as series of small jaw openings and closings)

Question 17

What are some predictors for Need of intervention for language production?

Answer 17

Small vocabulary, verbs (less than 15% of first 50 word vocab), use more transitive verbs (takes direct object) than intransitive (no direct object)

Question 18

What are some predictors for Need of intervention for comprehension?

Answer 18

• 6 month delay

- Large comprehension/expressive gap

Question 19

What are some predictors for Need of intervention for phonology?

Answer 19

• Few prelinguistic vocalizations
• Limited consonants; 50% incorrect
• Limited babbling
• Vowel errors

Question 20

What are some predictors for Need of intervention in terms of imitation?

Answer 20

• -Have few spontaneous imitations

- -Reliance on modeling and prompting

Question 21

What are some predictors for Need of intervention for nonverbal ability?

Answer 21

• -Issues with play, not using symbolic play, sequences
• -few gestures
• -social skills (poor communication with adults/peers. Few communicative intentions, initiations)

Question 22

What are some risk factors for need of intervention?

Answer 22

Male, otitis media, family history, parents have ( low maternal education, low SES, more directive style, respond less contingently to child), overconcerned parents (fostering low self esteem), eligibility of setting

Question 23

What is typical for communicative ability (frequency) at 18 and 24 months?

Answer 23

18 mo: 2 acts/minute

24 months: 5-7 acts/minute

Question 24

What is typical for multiword utterances at 18-24 months? 25 mos?

Answer 24

18-24 mo: 2-wd phrases

25 mo: 78% of children use multiword telegraphic utterances

Question 25

What is typical for phonology at 24 mo?

Answer 25

24 mo: 10 consonants, 70% correct

Syllable shape CV, CVC, consonant clusters, (CVCV?)