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Med Surg 1 > PRELIMS: Hematologic Disorders > Flashcards

PRELIMS: Hematologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

If rapid onset of anemia occurs aer major surgery, which of the
following symptom patterns might develop?
a. Continuous oozing of blood from the surgical site
b. Exertional dyspnea and fatigue with increased heart rate
c. Decreased heart rate
d. No obvious symptoms would be seen

A

b. Exertional dyspnea and fatigue with increased heart rate

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2
Q

Skin color and nail bed changes may be observed in the client with:
a. thrombocytopenia resulting from chemotherapy
b. Pernicious anemia resulting from Vitamin B12 deficiency
c. Leukocytosis resulting from AIDS
d. All of the above

A

b. Pernicious anemia resulting from Vitamin B12 deficiency

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2
Q

Chronic GI blood loss sometimes associated with use of NSAIDs
can result in which of the following problems?
a. Increased incidence of joint inflammation
b. Iron deficiency
c. Decreased heart rate and bleeding
d. Weight loss, fever, and loss of appetite

A

b. Iron deficiency

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2
Q

Preoperatively, clients cannot take aspirin or anti-inflammatory
medications because these:
a. Decrease leukocytes
b. Increase leukocytes
c. Decrease platelets
d. Increase platelets
e. None of the above

A

c. Decrease platelets

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2
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

The destruction or removal of RBCs before 120 days, often due to vitamin E deficiency or other factors.

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3
Q

What is anisocytosis, and what does it increase the risk of?

A

Abnormal variations in size of erythrocytes; increases chances of clotting.

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3
Q

Bleeding under the skin, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and black
stools require medical evaluation as these may be indications of:
a. Leukopenia
b. thrombocytopenia
c. Polycythemia
d. Sickle cell anemia

A

b. thrombocytopenia

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3
Q

What does poikilocytosis refer to, and what is its impact?

A

Abnormally shaped erythrocytes, leading to obstruction of blood flow and affected RBC function.

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of anemia?

A

Weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath (SOB) due to low oxygen-carrying capacity.

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3
Q

What are common management strategies for aplastic anemia?

A

Investigation and removal of causative agent, blood and platelet transfusion, immunosuppression, and bone marrow transplantation.

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3
Q

What is the management approach for hemolytic anemia?

A

Investigation and removal of the causative factor, fluid replacement, blood transfusion, corticosteroids, and possibly splenectomy.

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3
Q

What condition involves too many erythrocytes and what are the risks?

A

Polycythemia; increased risk of clotting and reduction in blood flow.

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3
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia?

A

Fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice, abnormal or back pain, and splenomegaly.

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4
Q

What is the hallmark sign of aplastic anemia?

A

Pancytopenia, which is a decrease in all three blood cell types (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets).

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4
Q

What characterizes aplastic anemia?

A

Decreased RBC production secondary to bone marrow damage, leading to pancytopenia.

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5
Q

What are the primary causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Chronic use of NSAIDs, deficient diet, decreased absorption, increased requirements (e.g., pregnancy, lactation), and blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal, menstruation).

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6
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

Erythrocytes deficient in hemoglobin, with symptoms similar to anemia.

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7
Q

What is anisocytosis, and what does it increase the risk of?

A

Abnormal variations in size of erythrocytes; increases chances of clotting.

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7
Q

What genetic mutation is responsible for Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Autosomal homozygous recessive trait causing sickle/crescent-shaped RBCs.

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7
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Acute chest syndrome, characterized by new infiltrates on X-ray, fever, cough, and tachypnea.

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7
Q

What are the two main features of Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Chronic hemolytic anemia and vasoocclusion.

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7
Q

What is a significant complication of Sickle Cell Anemia that often leads to hospital admission?

A

Pain Crisis.

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7
Q

What are the common symptoms of a sickle cell crisis?

A

Jaundice, nocturia, hematuria, renal failure, splenohepatomegaly, retinopathy or blindness, and chronic non-healing ulcers of the lower extremity.

7
Q

What are the types of Polycythemia?

A

Primary (unknown cause), Secondary (response to increased erythropoetin), and Relative .

7
Q

What is the hallmark sign of Primary Polycythemia?

A

Above normal hematocrit (>60%).

8
Q

What is the management approach for Polycythemia?

A

Phlebotomy, myelosuppressive therapy, interferon, antiplatelet therapy, smoking cessation, and fluid resuscitation.

8
Q

What ANC level defines Neutropenia?

A

ANC < 1,500 uL.

8
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

A chronic disorder characterized by excessive production of RBCs, platelets, and myelocytes.

9
Q

What is a critical sign that is considered infectious in Neutropenia?

A

Fever

9
Q

How is Neutropenia classified by severity?

A

Mild (1000-1500), Moderate (500-1000), Severe (<500).

9
Q

How is Neutropenia managed?

A

Antipyretics, discontinuing causative drugs, antibiotics/antifungals, good dental hygiene, myeloid growth factor, and hematopoietic cell transplantation.

9
Q

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

A

: A condition causing blood clots in vessels, leading to both hemorrhage and thrombus formation, often triggered by severe infections or trauma.

9
Q
A
10
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia and its common causes in PT practice?

A

A decrease in platelets <150,000/uL; common causes include bone marrow failure from radiation, leukemia, chemotherapy, and drug-induced platelet reduction.

11
Q

What are the primary symptoms of Posthemorrhagic Anemia at 20-30% blood volume loss?

A

Dizziness, hypotension when not at rest in a recumbent position, and tachycardia with exertion.

12
Q

What management strategies are used for Posthemorrhagic Anemia with 40-50% blood volume loss?

A

Control of bleeding, intravenous and oral fluid administration, blood transfusion, and supplemental oxygen.

13
Q

A condition characterized by a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues. Causes include:

A

Anemia

14
Q

Anemia resulting from significant blood loss, often due to trauma or surgery. It occurs when blood loss exceeds 20-30% of blood volume, leading to symptoms like dizziness, hypotension, and severe shock. Management focuses on controlling bleeding, fluid replacement, and blood transfusions.

A

Posthemorrhagic Anemia

14
Q

A type of macrocytic anemia caused by insufficient vitamin B12, often due to poor absorption. It leads to large, immature RBCs and neurological symptoms such as tingling, ataxia, and cognitive issues. Treatment includes lifelong vitamin B12 supplementation.

A

Vitamin B12 Anemia

15
Q

Caused by insufficient iron, which is necessary for hemoglobin production. It can result from poor diet, absorption issues, or blood loss. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Treatment involves iron supplementation and dietary adjustments.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

15
Q

Caused by insufficient iron, which is necessary for hemoglobin production. It can result from poor diet, absorption issues, or blood loss. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Treatment involves iron supplementation and dietary adjustments.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

15
Q

A condition with excessive production of RBCs

A

Polycythemia

15
Q

Occurs in patients with chronic infections, inflammation, or malignancies. It’s characterized by a reduced RBC count due to inflammatory processes affecting iron metabolism and RBC production.

A

Anemia of Chronic Diseases

15
Q

Similar to Vitamin B12 anemia, but caused by a deficiency in folic acid. It leads to large RBCs without neurological symptoms. Common in alcoholics, pregnant women, and those with poor diets. Management includes folic acid supplementation.

A

Folic Acid Anemia

16
Q

Characterized by the premature destruction of RBCs. It can be caused by conditions such as vitamin E deficiency or autoimmune reactions. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, and splenomegaly. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause and supportive care.

A

Hemolytic Anemia

16
Q

A condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, leading to pancytopenia (low counts of all blood cells). Causes include radiation, chemotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Management involves addressing the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplantation.

A

Aplastic Anemia

16
Q

A genetic disorder causing RBCs to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to vaso-occlusive crises and chronic hemolytic anemia. Symptoms include pain crises, anemia, and organ damage. Management involves hydration, pain relief, and blood transfusions.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

17
Q

A condition characterized by a low count of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), increasing the risk of infections. Causes include bone marrow disorders and chemotherapy. Management involves treating the underlying cause and using growth factors or antibiotics.

A

A condition characterized by a low count of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), increasing the risk of infections. Causes include bone marrow disorders and chemotherapy. Management involves treating the underlying cause and using growth factors or antibiotics.

18
Q

A rare disorder with microvascular thrombosis, leading to low platelet counts and organ damage. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, and neurological issues. Treatment involves plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy.

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

19
Q

A condition with low platelet counts, leading to increased bleeding risk. Causes include bone marrow disorders, medication effects, or autoimmune conditions. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve treatments like immunosuppressive therapy or platelet transfusions.

A

Thrombocytopenia

19
Q

A complication of heparin therapy where the drug causes a drop in platelet count and potential clot formation.

A

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

20
Q

A serious condition with widespread clotting and bleeding due to an imbalance in the clotting system. It can result from severe infections or trauma. Symptoms include bleeding, organ dysfunction, and skin changes. Management involves treating the underlying cause and supportive care.

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

21
Q

A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin production and RBC destruction

A

Thalassemia

21
Q
A
21
Q

An autoimmune condition where antibodies destroy platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia. Management involves corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and sometimes splenectomy.

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Med Surg 1 (10 decks)

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