MIDTERMS: Pedia Developmental Flashcards by appyiiii <3

Principles of Motor Development (5)

Cephalocaudal: Development from head to toe.
Proximo-Distal: Development from the center of the body outward.
Automatic-Voluntary: Automatic reflexes become voluntary actions.
Stability-Mobility: Stability precedes mobility in movement skills.
Unrefined-Refined: Movements progress from gross to fine motor skills.

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Rapid Phases of Growth

Infancy, pre-pubescence, and adolescence are the phases of rapid growth.

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APGAR Score Components

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

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Sensory Capacities at Birth
Touch and Pain:
Smell:
Taste:
Hearing:
Sight:

Touch and Pain: Well-developed; infants respond to touch and can feel pain.
Smell: Can distinguish different odors; show preference for mother’s scent.
Taste: Preference for sweet tastes; can differentiate between sweet, sour, bitter.
Hearing: Fully functional; can recognize mother’s voice.
Sight: Least developed sense; visual acuity improves rapidly over the first year.

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Development of Midbrain and Medulla
Most Developed at Birth:
Cortex Development:

Most Developed at Birth: Control vital functions like heartbeat and respiration.
Cortex Development: Rapid growth during the first 2 years; responsible for higher functions.

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Vision Development Milestones
Visual acuity of 20/200.

Birth

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Vision Development Milestones
Can see red, blue, and green colors.

1 Month:

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Vision Development Milestones
Skilled at tracking slow-moving objects.

6-10 Weeks

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 24 months):
Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years):
Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years):
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and above):

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Vision Development Milestones
Begins tracking moving objects.

2 Months

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Vision Development Milestones
Achieves 20/20 vision.

2 Years:

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Development of language and symbolic thinking; egocentrism.

Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years):

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

Formal Operational Stage (12 years and above)

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Logical thinking about concrete objects; understanding of conservation.

Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years)

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages:
Learning through sensory input and motor actions.

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 24 months):

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Object Concept and Object Permanence

Object Concept: Understanding properties of objects.
Object Permanence: Realizing objects continue to exist even when out of sight; develops around 8-12 months.

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kinner’s Operant Conditioning (Stimulus)

Positive reinforcement (e.g., praise for using words) encourages repeated language use; negative reinforcement discourages incorrect usage.

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Function: Maintains head and body alignment when position changes.
Importance: Foundation for rolling over, sitting, and crawling.

Righting Reflex

Definition: Involuntary responses present at birth.
Importance: Indicators of neurological development.
Disappearance: Typically fade by 6-8 months as voluntary control increases

Primitive Reflexes

Egocentric Thinking:
Allocentric Thinking:

Egocentric Thinking: Child views the world from their own perspective.
Allocentric Thinking: Ability to consider perspectives of others; develops with maturity.

Trigger: Sudden loss of support or loud noise.
Response: Throws arms outward, then inward as if embracing.

Moro (Startle) Reflex

Trigger: Touching the cheek or mouth.
Response: Turns head toward stimulus and begins sucking motions.

Rooting Reflex

Trigger: Head turned to one side.
Response: Arm and leg on that side extend; opposite limbs flex.

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

Trigger: Head position changes. Response: Head flexion causes arm flexion and leg extension; head extension causes arm extension and leg flexion.

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

Trigger: Feet make contact with a firm surface. Response: Legs extend to support weight.

Positive Supporting Reflex

Palmar Grasp: Fingers close around an object placed in the hand. Plantar Grasp: Toes curl when the sole of the foot is touched.

Grasp Reflex

Trigger: Holding infant upright with feet touching a surface. Response: Makes stepping motions.

Automatic Neonatal Walking

Trigger: Dorsum of the foot touches the edge of a surface. Response: Leg lifts and places foot onto the surface.

Placement or Placing Reflex

Trigger: Change in head position relative to gravity. Response: Forward TLR: Flexion of limbs when head moves forward. Backward TLR: Extension of limbs when head moves backward.

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

Trigger: Face submerged in water. Response: Heart rate slows; breathing inhibited; conserves oxygen.

Diving Reflex (Bradycardic Response)

Definition: Reflexes that contribute to posture and balance. Include: Righting reflexes, equilibrium reactions.

Physiologic Postural Reflexes

Sensory Skill Development: Hearing

Capabilities: Can locate sounds; prefer human voices. Development: Auditory processing improves with exposure.

Trigger: Stroking the sole of the foot. Response: Big toe moves upward; other toes fan out.

Babinski Reflex

Growth Milestones by Age One Weight: Height: Head Circumference:

Weight: Triples from birth weight. Height: Increases by 10-12 inches. Head Circumference: Significant growth to accommodate brain development.

Trigger: Pressure applied to palms. Response: Mouth opens, eyes close, head flexes forward.

Babkin Reflex

Fine Motor Skill Development Milestones 3 Months: 6 Months: 9 Months: 12 Months:

3 Months: Grasps objects placed in hand. 6 Months: Transfers objects between hands. 9 Months: Pincer grasp develops. 12 Months: Feeds self with fingers; starts using a spoon.

Function: Help maintain balance when the center of gravity is shifted. Development: Emerge after 6 months and persist throughout life.

Equilibrium/Tilting Reactions

T or F Sensory Skill Development: Touch and Pain Touch: Critical for bonding; infants respond to gentle touch. Pain Perception: Present at birth; requires appropriate management.

TRUE

Motor Skill Development: Milestones 2 Months: 4 Months: 6 Months: 9 Months: 12 Months:

2 Months: Lifts head when prone. 4 Months: Rolls from stomach to back. 6 Months: Sits with support. 9 Months: Crawls; pulls to stand. 12 Months: May begin walking.

T or F Sensory Skill Development: Smell Capabilities: Can identify mother's scent within days. Preferences: Show aversion to unpleasant odors.

TRUE

Language learning is based on experience. Operant conditioning through reinforcement shapes language development.

Skinner's Theory of Language Acquisition

Nativism suggests that humans are born with an innate ability for language, which Chomsky calls the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Chomsky's Theory of Nativism

A theoretical part of the brain that allows children to naturally learn and understand language as they are exposed to it.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)