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Med Surg 1 > MIDTERMS: Pedia Developmental > Flashcards

MIDTERMS: Pedia Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of Motor Development (5)

A

Cephalocaudal: Development from head to toe.
Proximo-Distal: Development from the center of the body outward.
Automatic-Voluntary: Automatic reflexes become voluntary actions.
Stability-Mobility: Stability precedes mobility in movement skills.
Unrefined-Refined: Movements progress from gross to fine motor skills.

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2
Q

Rapid Phases of Growth

A

Infancy, pre-pubescence, and adolescence are the phases of rapid growth.

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2
Q

APGAR Score Components

A

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

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2
Q

Sensory Capacities at Birth
Touch and Pain:
Smell:
Taste:
Hearing:
Sight:

A

Touch and Pain: Well-developed; infants respond to touch and can feel pain.
Smell: Can distinguish different odors; show preference for mother’s scent.
Taste: Preference for sweet tastes; can differentiate between sweet, sour, bitter.
Hearing: Fully functional; can recognize mother’s voice.
Sight: Least developed sense; visual acuity improves rapidly over the first year.

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2
Q

Development of Midbrain and Medulla
Most Developed at Birth:
Cortex Development:

A

Most Developed at Birth: Control vital functions like heartbeat and respiration.
Cortex Development: Rapid growth during the first 2 years; responsible for higher functions.

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3
Q

Vision Development Milestones
Visual acuity of 20/200.

A

Birth

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3
Q

Vision Development Milestones
Can see red, blue, and green colors.

A

1 Month:

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3
Q

Vision Development Milestones
Skilled at tracking slow-moving objects.

A

6-10 Weeks

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3
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

A

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 24 months):
Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years):
Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years):
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and above):

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3
Q

Vision Development Milestones
Begins tracking moving objects.

A

2 Months

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3
Q

Vision Development Milestones
Achieves 20/20 vision.

A

2 Years:

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4
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Development of language and symbolic thinking; egocentrism.

A

Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years):

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4
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

A

Formal Operational Stage (12 years and above)

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4
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages: Logical thinking about concrete objects; understanding of conservation.

A

Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years)

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4
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages:
Learning through sensory input and motor actions.

A

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 24 months):

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4
Q

Object Concept and Object Permanence

A

Object Concept: Understanding properties of objects.
Object Permanence: Realizing objects continue to exist even when out of sight; develops around 8-12 months.

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5
Q
A
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5
Q

kinner’s Operant Conditioning (Stimulus)

A

Positive reinforcement (e.g., praise for using words) encourages repeated language use; negative reinforcement discourages incorrect usage.

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5
Q

Function: Maintains head and body alignment when position changes.
Importance: Foundation for rolling over, sitting, and crawling.

A

Righting Reflex

5
Q

Definition: Involuntary responses present at birth.
Importance: Indicators of neurological development.
Disappearance: Typically fade by 6-8 months as voluntary control increases

A

Primitive Reflexes

5
Q

Egocentric Thinking:
Allocentric Thinking:

A

Egocentric Thinking: Child views the world from their own perspective.
Allocentric Thinking: Ability to consider perspectives of others; develops with maturity.

5
Q

Trigger: Sudden loss of support or loud noise.
Response: Throws arms outward, then inward as if embracing.

A

Moro (Startle) Reflex

5
Q

Trigger: Touching the cheek or mouth.
Response: Turns head toward stimulus and begins sucking motions.

A

Rooting Reflex

5
Q

Trigger: Head turned to one side.
Response: Arm and leg on that side extend; opposite limbs flex.

A

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

5
Q

Trigger: Head position changes.
Response: Head flexion causes arm flexion and leg extension; head extension causes arm extension and leg flexion.

A

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

6
Q

Trigger: Feet make contact with a firm surface.
Response: Legs extend to support weight.

A

Positive Supporting Reflex

6
Q

Palmar Grasp: Fingers close around an object placed in the hand.
Plantar Grasp: Toes curl when the sole of the foot is touched.

A

Grasp Reflex

6
Q

Trigger: Holding infant upright with feet touching a surface.
Response: Makes stepping motions.

A

Automatic Neonatal Walking

6
Q
A
6
Q

Trigger: Dorsum of the foot touches the edge of a surface.
Response: Leg lifts and places foot onto the surface.

A

Placement or Placing Reflex

7
Q

Trigger: Change in head position relative to gravity.
Response:
Forward TLR: Flexion of limbs when head moves forward.
Backward TLR: Extension of limbs when head moves backward.

A

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

7
Q

Trigger: Face submerged in water.
Response: Heart rate slows; breathing inhibited; conserves oxygen.

A

Diving Reflex (Bradycardic Response)

7
Q

Definition: Reflexes that contribute to posture and balance.
Include: Righting reflexes, equilibrium reactions.

A

Physiologic Postural Reflexes

7
Q

Sensory Skill Development: Hearing

A

Capabilities: Can locate sounds; prefer human voices.
Development: Auditory processing improves with exposure.

7
Q

Trigger: Stroking the sole of the foot.
Response: Big toe moves upward; other toes fan out.

A

Babinski Reflex

7
Q

Growth Milestones by Age One
Weight:
Height:
Head Circumference:

A

Weight: Triples from birth weight.
Height: Increases by 10-12 inches.
Head Circumference: Significant growth to accommodate brain development.

7
Q

Trigger: Pressure applied to palms.
Response: Mouth opens, eyes close, head flexes forward.

A

Babkin Reflex

7
Q

Fine Motor Skill Development Milestones
3 Months:
6 Months:
9 Months:
12 Months:

A

3 Months: Grasps objects placed in hand.
6 Months: Transfers objects between hands.
9 Months: Pincer grasp develops.
12 Months: Feeds self with fingers; starts using a spoon.

7
Q

Function: Help maintain balance when the center of gravity is shifted.
Development: Emerge after 6 months and persist throughout life.

A

Equilibrium/Tilting Reactions

7
Q

T or F
Sensory Skill Development: Touch and Pain
Touch: Critical for bonding; infants respond to gentle touch.
Pain Perception: Present at birth; requires appropriate management.

A

TRUE

7
Q

Motor Skill Development: Milestones
2 Months:
4 Months:
6 Months:
9 Months:
12 Months:

A

2 Months: Lifts head when prone.
4 Months: Rolls from stomach to back.
6 Months: Sits with support.
9 Months: Crawls; pulls to stand.
12 Months: May begin walking.

7
Q

T or F
Sensory Skill Development: Smell
Capabilities: Can identify mother’s scent within days.
Preferences: Show aversion to unpleasant odors.

A

TRUE

7
Q

Language learning is based on experience. Operant conditioning through reinforcement shapes language development.

A

Skinner’s Theory of Language Acquisition

7
Q

Nativism suggests that humans are born with an innate ability for language, which Chomsky calls the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

A

Chomsky’s Theory of Nativism

7
Q

A theoretical part of the brain that allows children to naturally learn and understand language as they are exposed to it.

A

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Med Surg 1 (10 decks)

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