PRELIMS: All system Activity Flashcards
Q: What physiological changes occur in muscle fibers during periods of inactivity or bed rest?
A: Reduced muscle protein synthesis, increased muscle protein breakdown, decreased muscle fiber size, decreased strength and endurance, atrophy, and potential long-term functional impairment.
Q: How does prolonged immobilization lead to disuse osteoporosis?
A: Immobilization causes bone loss in trabecular and cortical compartments due to reduced mechanical stress, leading to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption.
Q: What changes occur in ligaments, tendons, and joint structures due to disuse?
A: Decreased ligament strength, loss of tendon elasticity, reduced force output of the muscle-tendon unit, narrowing of joint space, and potential contractures.
Q: How does prolonged bed rest affect cardiovascular function?
A: Increased resting heart rate, decreased cardiac output, reduced maximal heart rate, increased blood pressure, decreased maximal oxygen uptake, and diminished exercise tolerance.
Q: What is orthostatic hypotension and how is it related to deconditioning?
A: Orthostatic hypotension is a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing. It is related to deconditioning by causing reduced blood volume, disrupted baroreceptor reflexes, and decreased orthostatic tolerance.
Q: What are the risk factors and preventive measures for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during inactivity?
A: Risk factors include obesity, hypertension, and increased platelet aggregation. Preventive measures include physical activity, proper diet, and management of risk factors.
Q: How does prolonged bed rest affect lung volumes and respiratory muscle function?
A: Reduced lung expansion, decreased tidal volume, slower breathing frequency, and weakened respiratory muscles.
Q: What respiratory complications can arise from deconditioning?
A: Obstructive sleep apnea due to increased adiposity and atelectasis due to decreased lung compliance and increased adipose tissue pressure.
Q: What are the stages of pressure ulcer development?
A: Stage I (non-blanchable redness), Stage II (partial-thickness loss), Stage III (full-thickness loss with subcutaneous fat exposure), Stage IV (exposed bone/muscle), Unstageable (base covered by slough/eschar).
Q: How does deconditioning contribute to dependent edema?
A: Decreased muscle strength leads to poor fluid circulation, resulting in swelling and increased risk of blood clots and activity intolerance.
Q: How does immobility lead to urinary stasis and increased risk of UTIs?
A: Immobility can cause bladder dysfunction, leading to urine retention and increased risk of UTIs, especially with catheter use.
Q: What factors contribute to the formation of renal calculi during inactivity?
A: Obesity, poor nutrition, oxidative stress, and dehydration can lead to increased concentration of minerals in the urine, promoting stone formation.
Q: How does prolonged bed rest affect gastrointestinal motility and constipation risk?
A: Reduced motility leads to slower transit times, stasis in the colon, excessive water reabsorption, constipation, and potential fecal impaction.
Q: How does deconditioning affect appetite and overall nutritional status?
A: Reduced physical activity can impair appetite, digestion, and metabolic processes, potentially leading to decreased nutritional intake and overall poor health.
Q: How does prolonged inactivity affect glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity?
Q: How does prolonged inactivity affect glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity?
A: Prolonged inactivity can impair glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, leading to insulin resistance and decreased carbohydrate utilization.
