Prelims Flashcards
object that has both mass and volume
Matter
smallest unit of matter; the building block of all material things/matter.
Atom
Parts of an atom
Proton, Neutron & Electrons
positive charge
proton
neutral / no charge
Neutron
negative charge
Electron
negative charge
Electrons
any substance that can’t be broken down into two or several simpler substances
Elements
2 simple rules in denoting nuclear reactions:
- The total number of protons plus neutrons (mass number) should be equal in the products and reactants
- The total number of nuclear charges should be equal in products and reactants.
how are nuclear reactions presented?
A+B → C+D
is the splitting of an atom into two or more smaller ones.
Fission Reaction
occurs when an unstable nucleus is bombarded by particles to produce fission products, more neutrons, and a large amount of energy.
Fission Reaction
the fusing of two or more smaller atoms into a larger one.
Fusion Reaction
Occurs when several nuclei combine to form a new product. This process also yields a large amount of energy.
Fusion Reaction
the phenomenon of the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei to atomic nuclei to form more energetically stable atomic nuclei.
radioactivity
the act of emitting radiation spontaneously.
radioactivity
the sum of an element’s protons and neutrons.
Atomic Mass (A)
the number of protons that an element has
Atomic Number (Z)
A text of letters and numbers representing an element, along with its corresponding atomic mass and atomic number
Atomic Symbol
processes in which a nucleus either combines with another nucleus or splits into smaller nuclei.
NUCLEAR REACTION
Involves radioactivity
Nuclear Reaction
the emission of energetic particles of an atom
Radioactivity
Common Types of Nuclear Reaction
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
Gamma Radiation
A particle with two protons and two neutrons is emitted resulting to a lighter new element
Alpha Decay / Alpha Emission
A neutron becomes a proton, and an electron will be ejected resulting to a new element with the same mass
Beta decay / Beta Emission (β)
Gamma ray will be emitted when a radioactive nuclide leaves a nucleus in an excited state.
- Gamma Radiation (γ) / Gamma Emission
The best-supported theory of our universe’s origin
Big Bang Theory
born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed in all directions as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force
Big Bang Theory
According to this model, the universe emerged from a singularity or an infinitely small point of extremely high temperature and density, which then rapidly expanded in all directions.
Big Bang Theory
explains how the elements were initially formed which involved nuclear reactions such as, fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.
Big Bang Theory
offered the explanation or the theory that the universe is expanding (Big Bang) in 1900s.
Edwin Hubble
when did Edwin Hubble first introduced the Big Bang Theory
1900s
The two synthesis of elements
primordial nucleosynthesis/Big Bang nucleosynthesis
the stellar nucleosynthesis
began approximately 1 second into the Big Bang and lasts for about 3 minutes.
Primordial nucleosynthesis / Big Bang nucleosynthesis
this cosmic stage / synthesis of element focused primarily on the expansion and cooling of the universe so as to the synthesis of the first three elements.
Primordial nucleosynthesis / Big Bang nucleosynthesis
It is the process of element production during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang.
Primordial nucleosynthesis / Big Bang nucleosynthesis
How did nuclear reactions form elements (during the Big Bang?)
through the collision of protons and neutrons.
what happened in the first three minutes of the Big Bang?
the expansion and cooling of the universe to produce the first three elements of the periodic table of elements.
what are the first three elements made in the first three minutes of the big bang?
hydrogen, helium, and lithium
one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties.
Isotope
How many isotopes can a chemical element have?
many
what are the three isotopes of Hydrogen?
deuterium, tritium, helium.
3 cosmic stages
- The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
- Stellar formation and Evolution
- Stellar explosions or supernova
What elements were formed during the The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?
the light elements - Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium
What elements were formed during the Stellar formation and Evolution?
heavier elements - Beryllium and Iron
What elements were formed during the Stellar explosions or supernova?
formed the elements heavier than Fe (Iron)
theory states that stars are formed when a dense region of molecular cloud collapses.
Star Formation Theory
During this process, fragments of clouds contract and form a stellar core known as protostar.
Star Formation Theory
fragments of clouds contract and form a stellar core
Protostar
heavier elements are created in different types of stars as they die or explode and the abundance of these elements change as the stars evolve.
Stellar nucleosynthesis
a process in which heavier elements such as Beryllium (4Be) and Iron (26Fe) were formed by combining protons and neutrons from the nuclei of a lighter elements.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
where nucleus combines with another nucleus which involves emission of energetic particles of an atom, known as radioactivity.
Nuclear Fusion
