PRELIMINARY Flashcards
Science is from the latin word _____ meaning_______
“scientia”,
“knowledge” or “knowing”
The effort to discover and increase
human understanding of how the
physical world works.
Science
Any system of knowledge concerned
with the physical world and its
phenomena and that entails unbiased
observations and systematic
experimentation.
Science
A process used to solve problems or
develop an understanding of nature
involves testing possible answers.
Science
The surrounding conditions that affect
organisms
Environment
Is everything that affect an organism
during its lifetime
Environment
Includes all conditions that surround
living organisms:
CASP
❖ Climate
❖ Air and water quality
❖ Soil and landforms
❖ Presence of other living
organisms
An interdisciplinary field that includes
both scientific and social aspects of
human impact on the world
Environmental Science
The study of the interaction of Earth’s
system and Human system
Environmental Science
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
PhyLiSoPsy
1. Physical or Abiotic Environment
2. Living or Biotic Environment
3. Social and Cultural Environment
4. Psychological Environment
Comprises the following states: solid
(lithosphere), liquid (hydrosphere),
and gas (atmosphere)
Physical or Abiotic Environment
● Consists of plants (flora) and
animals (fauna) including beings
as a significant factor.
●can be of
two types:
❖ floral environment
❖ faunal environment
Living or Biotic Environment
Includes the varied aspects of
sociocultural interactions along
with their outcomes such as
beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes, etc.
Social and Cultural Environment
Tangible and intangible aspects
of the environment are included
in it.
Social and Cultural Environment
● Deals with the perception and
experiences related to any
environmental setting
Psychological Environment
More often used in the
organizational context
Psychological Environment
The amount of biologically productive
land and water needed to supply the people in a particular country or area
with renewable resources and to absorb
and recycle the wastes and pollution
produced by resource use
Ecological Footprint
The amount of biologically productive
land and water needed to supply the people in a particular country or area
with renewable resources and to absorb
and recycle the wastes and pollution
produced by resource use
Ecological Footprint
the
average ecological footprint of an
individual in a given country or area.
per capita ecological footprint
● It is composed of several components
which are interacting to shape our
current and future environment.
Why is the earth’s environment
considered as a system?
1
● It is composed of several components
which are interacting to shape our
current and future environment.
Why is the earth’s environment
considered as a system?
It is a single system consisting of smaller
interconnected subsystems
Why is the earth’s environment
considered as a system?
2
It is an integrated system, but it can be
subdivided into four main components:
air, water, land, and life. These
components interact with each other to
shape the current and future
environment.
Why is the earth’s environment
considered as a system?
2
It is an integrated system, but it can be
subdivided into four main components:
air, water, land, and life. These
components interact with each other to
shape the current and future
environment.
Why is the earth’s environment
considered as a system?
3
Why do we need to study Environmental
Science?
● To understand how nature works
● To understand the various interactions
of different components of our
environment
● To find out how humans affect our
environment
● For a sustainable future
Why do we need to study Environmental
Science?
● To understand how nature works
● To understand the various interactions
of different components of our
environment
● To find out how humans affect our
environment
● For a sustainable future
Environmental Dimensions of
Sustainable Development Goals (17)
- No poverty
- Zero Hunger
- Good Health and Well-Being
- Quality Education
- Gender Equality
- Clean Water and Sanitation
- Affordable and Clean Energy
- Decent Work and Economic Growth
- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
- Reduced Inequalities
- Sustainable Cities and Communities
- Responsible Consumption and
Production - Climate Action
- Life Below Water
- Life on Land
- Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
- Partnership for the Goals
A middle ground that seeks to promote
appropriate development in order to
alleviate poverty while still preserving the
ecological health of the landscape
Sustainable development
Meeting the needs of current
generations without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own need
Sustainable development
What are the desired outcomes of
sustainable development?
● Clean water & air
● Fertile soil & good food
● A livelihood & healthy economy
● An optimum population size
● Halting global warming
● Safety from poverty and disease
● Social contact & a sense of community
● Opportunities to learn
Goals of environmental Science
TO DEVELOP A
SUSTAINABLE
WORLD
• TO STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS AND
ISSUES
Goals of environmental Science
TO DEVELOP A
SUSTAINABLE
WORLD
• TO STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS AND
ISSUES
A quantitative observation or comparison
of how much larger or smaller a unit is
based on the standard.
Measurement
A value or quantity in terms of which
other values or quantities may be
expressed. It provides a standard of
comparison for a measurement.
Unit
➢ The physical embodiment of a unit.
Standard
➢ Unit describes the size of the quantity
➢ Number gives us the count of times the
unit of contained in the quantity being
measured.
Physical quantities
Classification of Physical Quantities
Fundamental Quantities
Derived Quantities
Classification of Physical Quantities
Fundamental Quantities
Derived Quantities
● Simplest form of physical
quantities
Fundamental Quantities
Fundamental Quantities basic measurable quantities
that have no connection with
each other. They are:
- Length
- Mass
- Time
- Temperature
- Electric current
- Luminous intensity
- Amount of substance
● Are dimensions that are expressed as a
combination of the fundamental
quantities.
Derived Quantities
● A complete set of fundamental and
derived units for all kinds of quantities is
called
SI Units
There are two systems of units:
- The Old British of English System
- Metric System, which in the current
version is the SI (Systeme International
d’Unites), includes MKS and CGS
The three systems based on the fundamental
units are:
- MKS (meter - kilogram - second)
- CGS (centimeter - gram - second)
- FPS (foot pound - second)
● Are interactions between two bodies or
between a body and its environment.
Forces
Forces are vector quantities, having both
magnitude and direction. The SI (System
International) unit for force is
Newton.
1 N=kg ⋅ m/s2
General Types of Force
Forces can be classified into two:
- Contact Forces
- Non-Contact Forces
● Act when there is direct contact between
two interacting objects.
Contact Forces
when you push a crate, the
force you exert occurs as soon as your
hand is in direct contact with the crate.
The force of your push is a
contact force.
when you push a crate, the
force you exert occurs as soon as your
hand is in direct contact with the crate.
The force of your push is a
contact force.
examples of contact force:
➢ Normal force
➢ Tension
➢ Friction (Kinetic and Static
Friction)
➢ Fluid resistance
● Is exerted on an object by a surface with
which it is in contact. It is the support
force exerted upon an object that is in
contact with another stable object.
Normal force (n→)
Normal Force Formula
Formula 1: If the force acts on an object and it
drops at an angle of θ, then the normal force is
greater than the articulated weight, and its
formula is as follows:
FN=Fsinθ+mg
Formula 2: When an object is pulled upwards by
a force, then it is smaller than its weight, and is
given by the ff formula:
FN = mg−Fsinθ
Example 3: A book having a mass of 4 kg is lying
on the floor. Calculate the normal force which is
being applied to the book lying on the floor.
Given:
mass (m) = 4 kg.
Therefore, the normal force will be calculated by
the following formula:
FN=mg
Formula 4: When an object is kept at a position
on an inclined plane, then it is given by the
formula
FN=mgcosθ
Happens when two objects rub against
each other. opposes motion
along a surface
Friction
Every surface has a different surface
coefficient of friction (μ)
➢ Low friction - low resistance to
motion
➢ High friction - high resistance to
motion
Smoother surfaces offer ________
However, there are other smooth
surfaces that have rough edges on the
microscopic level.
lesser friction.
Two types of Friction
- Static Friction
- Kinetic Friction
● When a force is exerted on an object at
rest on a surface, the surface will exert
this to prevent the object from
moving
Static Fiction
The friction that occurs to prevent an
object from moving
Static friction
The magnitude of static friction is given by:
Fs ≤ μsη
coefficient of static friction
This is a unitless quantity that is dependent on
the material of the object and the surface it is
on.
μs
When the surface and the object are both:
★ Smooth = μs is small, resulting to less
friction.
★ Rough = μs is large, resulting to a larger
friction.
magnitude of the normal force exerted by
the surface on the object
η
The direction of the static friction is
ALWAYS the _______ of the direction of
the possible motion.
opposite
The larger the normal force, the ______
the friction.
larger
● A frictional force acting between
two surfaces which are in motion
against each other.
● Resist the motion of a moving
object.
● Lesser than the static friction (Fk <
Fs)
● It is more difficult to keep an
object going than to keep it
moving.
Kinetic friction (f→)
also occurs when a body passes
through a liquid or gas. This force has many
different names, all really meaning the same
thing: viscous force, drag force, fluid
resistance.
Friction
Are long-range forces that can act even if
the bodies are separated by empty space
or at a distance from each other
Non contact Forces
Non-Contact Force Examples:
★ Gravitational Force
★ Electromagnetic Force
● The force of attraction between
any two objects in the universe.
● The mass of an object and its
distance determines the strength
of its
Gravitational Force
● The force responsible for all processes,
● Acts between electrically charged
particles such as electrons and
protons.
Electromagnetic Force
Newton’s Law of motion
- Law of Inertia
- Law of Acceleration
- Law of Action and Reaction
“An object at rest will stay at
rest, and an object in motion
with stay in motion with a
constant velocity unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force”
First Law of Motion: Law of Inertia
The first law of motion does not have a specific
mathematical formula, but it can be expressed
in terms of the concept of inertia and the
absence of acceleration when no external force
is applied. In mathematical terms, it
can be described as:
F = 0
The first law of motion does not have a specific
mathematical formula, but it can be expressed
in terms of the concept of inertia and the
absence of acceleration when no external force
is applied. In mathematical terms, it
can be described as:
F = 0
In mathematical terms, second law of motion can be expressed as:
F=ma
★ “For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.”
Third Law of Motion: Action and
Reaction
Mathematically, 3rd law of motion can be expressed as:
F1=-F2
● A process used to solve problems or
develop an understanding of nature that
involves testing possible answers.
Science
● A process used to solve problems or
develop an understanding of nature that
involves testing possible answers.
Science
● A systematic process of acquiring
scientific knowledge to solve problems
● Develop theories, laws, & Scientific
Knowledge
● Communicate with others
Scientific Method
Scientific Methods
- Make observations
- Ask Questions
- Form hypothesis
- Gather data from testing of hypothesis
- Analysis of data gathered
- Draw conclusions
● Anything that takes up space and has
mass
Matter
● States that all matter is made up of tiny
objects that are in constant motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory
States of Matter
Depending the amount of Kinetic Energy (KE)
the molecules have, matter can occur in three
common states:
★ Solid
★ Liquid
★ Gas
● Any compound that releases hydrogen
ions (H+) (protons) in a solution
● Nitric Acid HNO3
● Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
● Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Acid
Any compound that accepts hydrogen
ions in a solution and releases hydrogen
ions (OH-)
● Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
● Magnesium Hydroxide MgOH
Base
● Consists of small molecules and
combinations of ions
● relatively few kinds exist
● Ionic bonding (metal + nonmetal)
● Ex. Sodium chloride, Sodium
bicarbonate, Sodium hydroxide,
Magnesium Sulfate, Sodium
Hypochlorite
- Inorganic Compounds/Matter
● Consists of molecules that
contain carbon atoms that are
usually bonded to form chains or
rings
● many different kinds exist
● Covalent bonding (non metal +
non metal)
Organic compounds/Matter
Sources of Organic Compounds
Animals
Plants
● Are attractive forces between atoms
resulting from the interaction of their
electrons.
● Each chemical bond contains a certain
amount of energy
● When chemical bonds are broken or
formed, a chemical reaction occurs
● When atoms or ions combine to form
compounds, they are held together by
Chemical Bonds
● Ex. H2O + CO2 = H2CO3
Chemical Bonds
When chemical bonds are broken, heat is
______, and when chemical bonds are
formed, heat is ______.
absorbed
released
● Cooler than surroundings
● Occurs when an external energy is added
or absorbed
● Absorbs heat and cools the surroundings
● Ex. melting of ice cubes, melting of snow
Endothermic Reaction
● Hotter than surroundings
● Releases energy usually in a form of heat
or light
● Releases heat and increases temperature
of the surroundings
● Ex. condensation of water, formation of
snow
Exothermic Reaction
● Hotter than surroundings
● Releases energy usually in a form of heat
or light
● Releases heat and increases temperature
of the surroundings
● Ex. condensation of water, formation of
snow
Exothermic Reaction
● The process used by plants to convert
inorganic material (water and carbon
dioxide) into organic matter (sugar) with
the assistance of of light energy
Photosynthesis
● A process that involves the use of
atmospheric oxygen to break large,
organic molecules (sugars, fats, proteins)
into smaller, inorganic molecules (carbon
dioxide and water)
● This is a process release energy the
organisms can use
● Exothermic reactions
Respiration
● A process that involves the use of
atmospheric oxygen to break large,
organic molecules (sugars, fats, proteins)
into smaller, inorganic molecules (carbon
dioxide and water)
● This is a process release energy the
organisms can use
● Exothermic reactions
Respiration
● The ability to do work.
● Work is done when an object is moved
over a distance
● This occurs even at the molecular level
Energy
Types of Energy
★ Thermal Energy
★ Radiant Energy
★ Light Energy
★ Chemical Energy
★ Nuclear Energy
★ Electrical Energy
★ Gravitational Energy
★ Mechanical Energy
● Energy contained by moving objects
Kinetic Energy (KE)
● Energy of an object because of its
position
Potential Energy (PE)
PE+KE =
Mechanical Energy
Law of Thermodynamics
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
● States that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to
another.
● The total amount of energy
remains constant after
conversion.
● This is also known as the Law of
Conservation of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
● States that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to
another.
● The total amount of energy
remains constant after
conversion.
● This is also known as the Law of
Conservation of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
● States that whenever energy is
converted from one form to
another, some of the useful
energy is lost.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
➢ The energy lost, the
energy that cannot be
used to do useful work
● When energy is converted from
one form to another, entropy
increases
Entropy
