[Prelime] PR Flashcards
-is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences.
-is a process of inquiring about the solution to the problem, collecting data, and logically evaluating information.
-It is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of
data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and
interpretation of that data/information.
Research
-This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem.
-It develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers.
Basic Research
-It is a type of research that needs answer to a specific question.
-It provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting.
Applied Research
It is based on observations and experiments of theories
Epmirical
It follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and principles.
Systematic
In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on, are kept constant.
Controlled
The conclusions drawn by research should be correct.
Valid and Verifiable
It shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.
Analytical
it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life situations.
Objective
It requires its own examination and produces the data needed to
complete the study.
Original Work
It refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems.
EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
What is the problem?
Define research problem
What evidence is already presented?
Review of related literature
How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being studied?
Formulating hypothesis
Where will the study be shown and with what population?
Research design
Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
Collecting data
How do the data answer the research queries?
Analyzing data
What are the implications of the results?
Interpret and report
Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked.
Honesty
Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.
Objectivity
Keep your promises and agreements.
Integrity
Avoid careless errors and negligence.
Carefulness
Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to
criticism/feedback and new ideas.
Openness
Protect confidential communication.
Confidentiality
Avoid duplicating publications.
Responsible Publication
Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.
Responsible mentoring
Treat all peers fairly.
Respect colleagues
Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm
Social responsibility
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.
Non-Discrimination
Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional governmental policies.
Legality
Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers.
Respect of Intellectual property
Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.
Human subject
Characteristics of research:
Accuracy
Objectiveness
Timeliness
Relevance
Clarity
Systematic
It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical ethics should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledge.
Accuracy
It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predicitions, or conclusions.
Objectiveness
It must work on a topic that is fresh, new and interesting to the present society.
TImeliness
Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community.
Relevance
It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language.
Clarity
It must take place in a organized or orderly manner.
Systematic
Categories of research:
Basic research
Applied research
Characteristics of research: (PDF)
Empirical
Systematic
Controlled
Valid and verifiable
Analytical
Objective
Original work
Employs hypothesis
Processes of research:
-define research problem
-review of related literature
-formulating hypothesis
-research design
-collecting data
-analyzing data
-interpret and report
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research:
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Confidentiality
Responsible publication
Responsible mentoring
Respect colleagues
Social responsibility
Non-discrimination
Legality
Respect of Intellectual property
Human subject
