Biology [Reviewer] Flashcards
Is the study of living things: could be a Unicellular or a Multicellular Cell.
Biology
The branch of Science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.
Taxonomy
The study of cells as fundamental units of living things.
Cytology
The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
Embryology
The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.
Histology
Are made up of one cell
Unicellular organisms
-Bacteria and protozoa
-Microscopic (too small to be seen or observed by the unaided eye)
Unicellular organisms
Are made up of many cells
Multicellular organisms
-Plants and animals
-Macroscopic (large enough to be seen or observed by the unaided eye
Multicellular organisms
-All living things are made of cells
-The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells
Postulates of Cell Theory
The last postulate was eventually proven by _____________ in 1858.
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow
An organ composed of different tissues are said by ________
Xavier Bichat
Several organs can be grouped together as an _________ (e.g. the digestive system)
Organ-system
Discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork.
Robert Hooke
*He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
*He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
*He examined a thin slice of cork under the microscope that he built. He was able to see and observed small compartments of the cork and initially named the compartments cellula because they reminded him of the little rooms in the monastery.
Robert Hooke
He was able to see and observed small compartments of the cork and initially named the compartments ________ because they reminded him of the little rooms in the monastery.
cellula
*Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms
*He called them “animalcules”
*He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans
*Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants
Anton van Leuwenhoek
Anton van Leuwenhoek called them “_________”
Animalcules
Published his research in 1838, which was based on several years of studying different types of plants under the microscope.
Matthias Schleiden
Published his research a year later, based on his study of several slides of animal cells.
Theodor Schwann
The cell is an autonomous unit (“a citizen”) grouped together to form an organism (“the society”) [What is the phrase]
The cell is the basic unit of living tissue
1595 – first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.
Zacharias Janssen
_____ – first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.
1595
Remak & Virchow (1858) noted that: “_____________________”
all cells come from pre-existing cells
Remak & Virchow (1858) noted that: “all cells come from pre-existing cells”
It was believed, however, that this discovery was initially made by Robert Remak, a Jewish scientist, in 1855, when he tried to prove the idea of cell division by hardening the _____________.
cell membrane
Contains semi-fluid substance called the cytosol where the different organelles are suspended
Cytoplasm
Within the cytosol are different substances such as ___________ (produce electrically conducting solutions),
electrolytes
____________ (produced during metabolism), RNA and synthesized proteins.
metabolites
It is also the site of many physiological processes such as __________ (conversion of glucose into another form) and protein and fat synthesis
glycolysis
Cytoplasm has no form but it does have a structure due to the presence of the ____________.
cytoskeleton
Different substances of Cytoplasm:
- electrolytes
- metabolites
- glycolysis
structure of cytoplasm:
- microfilament
- microtubule
- intermediate filament
Has a diameter of about 7 nanometers composed of contractile protein called actin
microfilament
microfilament has a diameter of about 7 nanometers composed of contractile protein called ______.
actin
has a diameter of about 25 nm composed of globular proteins called tubulins, help form the shape of the cell as well as track the movement of the organelles
microtubule
microtubule has a diameter of about 25 nm composed of globular proteins called _______ , help form the shape of the cell as well as track the movement of the organelles
tubulins
10 nm in diameter and is the most stable and the least soluble constituent of the cytoskeleton provides tensile strength in the cell
intermediate filament
A human nerve cell that has an abnormal shape likely has a defective ____________.
cytoskeleton
Parts of the cell organelles:
- Cytoplasm
- Centriole
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Mitochondria
formed when microtubules eventually arrange themselves during cell division. Help in the separation and transfer of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called chromosomes
Centriole
Centriole formed when microtubules eventually arrange themselves during cell division. Help in the separation and transfer of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called ____________.
chromosomes
Control center, where genetic processes take place.
Nucleus
Small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell.
Ribosomes
-Produces proteins. In pancreas and digestive tract, proteins in the form of enzymes break down food.
-Without these enzymes, digestion is almost impossible.
-In most cases, these proteins move to golgi apparatus for modification, packaging and distribution.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Produces lipids
-phospholipids and cholesterol of the cell membrane can come from lipids produced by Smooth ER
*phospholipids make up the bilipid layer of the cell membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic
Make up the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.
phospholipids
-1,000 to 2,000 mitochondria in a liver cell
-In humans, this will be inherited from the mothers only, produced ATP
And the DNA inside the matrix encodes some RNAs and proteins needed in the mitochondrion
-The powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Energy Conversion:
-Mitochondria
-Chloroplasts
convert the chemical energy of reduced carbon compounds into ATP.
Mitochondria
convert light energy to the energy of reduced carbon compounds
Chloroplasts
both energy conversion processes is an ________________, where energy is passed from compound to compound in coupled oxidation: reduction reactions
electron transport chain
-Responsible for the locomotion of cells
-Have central core called axoname, connected to the basal body
-Flagellum moves in a whiplike manner
-_____ require more power and recovery strokes
-In humans, they are very important
-In males, sperm cells have flagella that enable them to swim, uses its flagellum to reach the egg
-in females, the _____ in the fallopian tubes help move the egg or embryo toward the uterus
Flagella and Cilia
-moves in a whiplike manner.
-In males, sperm cells have flagella that enable them to swim, uses its ________ to reach the egg
Flagellum
-require more power and recovery strokes.
-in females, the ____ in the fallopian tubes help move the egg or embryo toward the uterus.
Cilia
-Only in plants, primarily made of cellulose, a polysaccharide composed of a long chain of carbohydrates.
-Maintains the shape of the plants, protects the cell and helps regulate the cell’s uptake of water
Cell wall
In plants – occupies the largest space.
In animals – smaller than _______ in plant cell, serve as the temporary storage of substances.
Vacuole
– occupies the largest space [Vacuole]
In plants
In animals – smaller than vacuole in plant cell, serve as the temporary storage of substances
In animals
- Outer membrane
-Composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and carbohydrates
-Semi-permeable, which means that not everything can enter or pass through it, allows to choose the substances to absorb, secrete or excrete
-Can easily be observed when you look at an animal cell using a compound microscope
Cell membrane
Two basic types of cells:
-Animal cell
-Plant cell
Biological words:
-Taxonomy
-Cytology
-Embryology
-Histology
2 types of organisms:
-Unicellular organisms
-Multicellular organisms
People who discovered cells:
-Robert Hooke
-Anton Van Luwenhoek
-Matthias Schleiden
-Theodor Schwann
