Biology [Reviewer]

Question 1

Is the study of living things: could be a Unicellular or a Multicellular Cell.

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

The branch of Science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.

Answer 2

Taxonomy

Question 3

The study of cells as fundamental units of living things.

Answer 3

Cytology

Question 4

The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

Answer 4

Embryology

Question 5

The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.

Answer 5

Histology

Question 6

Are made up of one cell

Answer 6

Unicellular organisms

Question 7

-Bacteria and protozoa
-Microscopic (too small to be seen or observed by the unaided eye)

Answer 7

Unicellular organisms

Question 8

Are made up of many cells

Answer 8

Multicellular organisms

Question 9

-Plants and animals
-Macroscopic (large enough to be seen or observed by the unaided eye

Answer 9

Multicellular organisms

Question 10

-All living things are made of cells
-The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells

Answer 10

Postulates of Cell Theory

Question 11

The last postulate was eventually proven by _____________ in 1858.

Answer 11

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow

Question 12

An organ composed of different tissues are said by ________

Answer 12

Xavier Bichat

Question 13

Several organs can be grouped together as an _________ (e.g. the digestive system)

Answer 13

Organ-system

Question 14

Discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork.

Answer 14

Robert Hooke

Question 15

*He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
*He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
*He examined a thin slice of cork under the microscope that he built. He was able to see and observed small compartments of the cork and initially named the compartments cellula because they reminded him of the little rooms in the monastery.

Answer 15

Robert Hooke

Question 16

He was able to see and observed small compartments of the cork and initially named the compartments ________ because they reminded him of the little rooms in the monastery.

Answer 16

cellula

Question 17

*Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms
*He called them “animalcules”
*He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans
*Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants

Answer 17

Anton van Leuwenhoek

Question 18

Anton van Leuwenhoek called them “_________”

Answer 18

Animalcules

Question 19

Published his research in 1838, which was based on several years of studying different types of plants under the microscope.

Answer 19

Matthias Schleiden

Question 20

Published his research a year later, based on his study of several slides of animal cells.

Answer 20

Theodor Schwann

Question 21

The cell is an autonomous unit (“a citizen”) grouped together to form an organism (“the society”) [What is the phrase]

Answer 21

The cell is the basic unit of living tissue

Question 22

1595 – first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.

Answer 22

Zacharias Janssen

Question 23

_____ – first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.

Answer 23

1595

Question 24

Remak & Virchow (1858) noted that: “_____________________”

Answer 24

all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 25

Remak & Virchow (1858) noted that: “all cells come from pre-existing cells” It was believed, however, that this discovery was initially made by Robert Remak, a Jewish scientist, in 1855, when he tried to prove the idea of cell division by hardening the _____________.

Answer 25

cell membrane

Question 26

Contains semi-fluid substance called the cytosol where the different organelles are suspended

Answer 26

Cytoplasm

Question 27

Within the cytosol are different substances such as ___________ (produce electrically conducting solutions),

Answer 27

electrolytes

Question 28

____________ (produced during metabolism), RNA and synthesized proteins.

Answer 28

metabolites

Question 29

It is also the site of many physiological processes such as __________ (conversion of glucose into another form) and protein and fat synthesis

Answer 29

glycolysis

Question 30

Cytoplasm has no form but it does have a structure due to the presence of the ____________.

Answer 30

cytoskeleton

Question 31

Different substances of Cytoplasm:

Answer 31

- electrolytes - metabolites - glycolysis

Question 32

structure of cytoplasm:

Answer 32

- microfilament - microtubule - intermediate filament

Question 33

Has a diameter of about 7 nanometers composed of contractile protein called actin

Answer 33

microfilament

Question 34

microfilament has a diameter of about 7 nanometers composed of contractile protein called ______.

Answer 34

actin

Question 35

has a diameter of about 25 nm composed of globular proteins called tubulins, help form the shape of the cell as well as track the movement of the organelles

Answer 35

microtubule

Question 36

microtubule has a diameter of about 25 nm composed of globular proteins called _______ , help form the shape of the cell as well as track the movement of the organelles

Answer 36

tubulins

Question 37

10 nm in diameter and is the most stable and the least soluble constituent of the cytoskeleton provides tensile strength in the cell

Answer 37

intermediate filament

Question 38

A human nerve cell that has an abnormal shape likely has a defective ____________.

Answer 38

cytoskeleton

Question 39

Parts of the cell organelles:

Answer 39

- Cytoplasm - Centriole - Nucleus - Ribosomes - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Mitochondria

Question 40

formed when microtubules eventually arrange themselves during cell division. Help in the separation and transfer of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called chromosomes

Answer 40

Centriole

Question 41

Centriole formed when microtubules eventually arrange themselves during cell division. Help in the separation and transfer of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called ____________.

Answer 41

chromosomes

Question 42

Control center, where genetic processes take place.

Answer 42

Nucleus

Question 43

Small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell.

Answer 43

Ribosomes

Question 44

-Produces proteins. In pancreas and digestive tract, proteins in the form of enzymes break down food. -Without these enzymes, digestion is almost impossible. -In most cases, these proteins move to golgi apparatus for modification, packaging and distribution.

Answer 44

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 45

-Produces lipids -phospholipids and cholesterol of the cell membrane can come from lipids produced by Smooth ER *phospholipids make up the bilipid layer of the cell membrane

Answer 45

Smooth Endoplasmic

Question 46

Make up the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.

Answer 46

phospholipids

Question 47

-1,000 to 2,000 mitochondria in a liver cell -In humans, this will be inherited from the mothers only, produced ATP And the DNA inside the matrix encodes some RNAs and proteins needed in the mitochondrion -The powerhouse of the cell

Answer 47

Mitochondria

Question 48

Energy Conversion:

Answer 48

-Mitochondria -Chloroplasts

Question 49

convert the chemical energy of reduced carbon compounds into ATP.

Answer 49

Mitochondria

Question 50

convert light energy to the energy of reduced carbon compounds

Answer 50

Chloroplasts

Question 51

both energy conversion processes is an ________________, where energy is passed from compound to compound in coupled oxidation: reduction reactions

Answer 51

electron transport chain

Question 52

-Responsible for the locomotion of cells -Have central core called axoname, connected to the basal body -Flagellum moves in a whiplike manner -_____ require more power and recovery strokes -In humans, they are very important -In males, sperm cells have flagella that enable them to swim, uses its flagellum to reach the egg -in females, the _____ in the fallopian tubes help move the egg or embryo toward the uterus

Answer 52

Flagella and Cilia

Question 53

-moves in a whiplike manner. -In males, sperm cells have flagella that enable them to swim, uses its ________ to reach the egg

Answer 53

Flagellum

Question 54

-require more power and recovery strokes. -in females, the ____ in the fallopian tubes help move the egg or embryo toward the uterus.

Answer 54

Cilia

Question 55

-Only in plants, primarily made of cellulose, a polysaccharide composed of a long chain of carbohydrates. -Maintains the shape of the plants, protects the cell and helps regulate the cell’s uptake of water

Answer 55

Cell wall

Question 56

In plants – occupies the largest space. In animals – smaller than _______ in plant cell, serve as the temporary storage of substances.

Answer 56

Vacuole

Question 57

– occupies the largest space [Vacuole]

Answer 57

In plants

Question 58

In animals – smaller than vacuole in plant cell, serve as the temporary storage of substances

Answer 58

In animals

Question 59

- Outer membrane -Composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and carbohydrates -Semi-permeable, which means that not everything can enter or pass through it, allows to choose the substances to absorb, secrete or excrete -Can easily be observed when you look at an animal cell using a compound microscope

Answer 59

Cell membrane

Question 60

Two basic types of cells:

Answer 60

-Animal cell -Plant cell

Question 61

Biological words:

Answer 61

-Taxonomy -Cytology -Embryology -Histology

Question 62

2 types of organisms:

Answer 62

-Unicellular organisms -Multicellular organisms

Question 63

People who discovered cells:

Answer 63

-Robert Hooke -Anton Van Luwenhoek -Matthias Schleiden -Theodor Schwann