[Prelim] Xy Physics Flashcards
1
Q
- An experimental science
- Experiments require measurements, and we generally use numbers to describe the results of measurements
A
Physics
2
Q
- Has both a number and unit
- Ex. 3 feet, 45 minutes, 25 degrees celsius, 1 liter, and 115 pounds
A
Measurement
3
Q
- Any number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively
- Ex. weight and height
A
Physical Quantity
4
Q
- Define them only by describing how to measure them
- Ex. measuring a distance using a ruler and measuring a time interval using a stopwatch
A
Operational Definition
5
Q
-Do not depend upon any other quantity
-only three fundamental quantities were considered: length, mass, and time. With the development of science four more physical quantities were added: temperature, electric current, luminous intensity, and amount of a substance
A
Fundamental (or base) Quantities
6
Q
Quantities that are derived from the fundamental quantities like speed, acceleration, density, force, and momentum
A
Derived Quantities
7
Q
- Defined as distance covered over time
- based on length and time
A
Speed
8
Q
- Defined as mass per unit volume
- Based on mass and length
A
Density
9
Q
Defined as mass times acceleration
A
Force
10
Q
When we measure a quantity, we always compare it with a reference standard
A
Standard
11
Q
- The known quantity which is used in measurement
- Ex. meter is a unit of distance, and seconds is a unit of time
A
Unit
12
Q
Foot length, cubit, handspan, arm span, etc.
A
Informal system of measurement
13
Q
Standardized across the world
A
System of measurement
14
Q
- The preferred method of measurement in physics
- Has a base unit for every measurement
A
Metric System
15
Q
The US follows the imperial system of units, also called the U.S customary units
A
BRITISH IMPERIAL SYSTEM / IMPERIAL SYSTEM
16
Q
Inch, feet, yards, and miles
A
Length
17
Q
Ounces (H o2), cups, pints, quarts, and gallons
A
Volume
18
Q
Ounces (o2), pounds (lb), and tons (ton)
A
Mass
19
Q
Measured in seconds
A
Time and date
20
Q
- The distance between two points
- The SI unit for length is meter (m)
A
Length or Distance
21
Q
Like a ruler, except it is 1 meter long
A
Meter stick
22
Q
To measure long distances
A
Trundle wheel
23
Q
For measuring distances that would be hard to measure using a meterstick or trundle wheel
A
Tape measure
24
Q
Defined as a measuring device that is used for the measurement of linear dimensions
A
Vernier Caliper
25
- The period between events or how long it lasted
- SI unit is seconds
- Hours, days, months, and years
Time
26
- The amount of matter in a liquid, solid, or gas.
- SI unit for mass is gram (g)
Mass
27
Just put the object on the pan and read the mass
ELECTRONIC BALANCE
28
This compares the weight of objects in pans on each side of a balance
Double pan balance
29
Works like a double pan balance but instead of having a pan on each side of the balance, there is a pan on one side and three beams each with sliding weights
Triple beam balance
30
- The force exerted by a mass
- SI unit for force is Newtons (N)
Weight
31
The amount of space something occupies
Volume
32
A cylinder marked on the outside to indicate how much fluid it contains
Graduated cylinder
33
To figure out the volume of a rectangular
Volume of solids
34
The best way to measure the volume of an irregular solid is to place it in water and find the volume of water it displaces
Volume of irregular solids
35
- How hot or cold something is
- SI unit for temperature is kelvin (K)
Temperature
36
Used to measure temperature
Thermometer
37
The measure of how close the measured value is to the actual value of the quantity
Accuracy
38
Refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other
Precision
39
- The difference between a measured quantity and its true value
- Includes random error and systematic error
Measurement Error (observational error)
40
Caused by a mis-calibrated instrument that affects all measurements
Systematic Error
41
Naturally occurring errors that are to be expected with any experiments
Random error
42
The difference between a measured value and a known value expressed as a percentage
Percent error
43
Known to be true and can be found in a standard reference
Accepted value
44
The value that you actually measured
Experimental Value
45
estimates how repeated measurements taken on the same instrument are estimated around the true score
STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT (SEM)
46
a measure of the variability of a distribution of repeated scores or measurements
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)
47
gives an estimate of the interval where a proportion of the differences lie between measurements
LIMITS OF AGREEMENT (LOA)
48
- Called the error
- Indicates the maximum difference there is likely to be between the measured
value and the true value
- Uncertainty is indicated by significant figures in the measured value
UNCERTAINTY
49
- Numbers reported in a measurement
- All of the known figures plus one estimated digit
Significant Figures
50
- The number that provides the most exact measurement possible
- Ex. in a thermometer, it appears that the lines are set to be 2 digits apart. The
temperature can be read between 138 and 140 degrees. Because you can't be sure of the exact temperature, you will need to estimate the answer to 139 degrees.
Significant Digit
51
A rough guess of the measurement using observation and reasoning
Estimation
52
Picking the closest number to the specified place value based on the accuracy of
the equipment
Rounding
53
The total number of significant figures in the final reported value can be no more than the significant figures in the least accurate measurement. In other words, the calculated answer can be no more accurate than the measurement made by the least accurate piece of lab equipment.
Different Accuracies
54
A mathematical method used to convert actual measured units into the units needed for the answer to a problem
Dimensional Analysis
55
The relationship between the two units
Conversion Factors
56
A conversion factor
Ratio
57
Physical Quantities:
-Fundamental (or base) Quantities
-Derived Quantities
58
Fundamental Quantities:
-Length
-Mass
-Time
-Temperature
-Electric Current
-Luminous intensity
-Amount of substance
59
Derived Quantities:
Speed
Density
Force
60
Informal System of mesurement:
-handspan
-cubit
-armspan
-pace
-footspan
61
System of measurement:
-British (imperial) system or imperial system
-Metric or international system (SI)
62
British imperial system:
-length
-volume
-mass
-time and date
63
Types of measurement:
-length or distance
-time
-mass
-weight
64
Measurement for length or distance:
Meterstick
trundle wheel
tape measure
vernier caliper
65
Measurement for mass:
-electronic balance
-double pan balance
-triple beam balance
66
measurement for volume:
-graduated cylinder
-volume of solids
-volume of irregular solids
67
measurement for temperature:
Thermometer
68
Measurement error:
random error
systematic error
69
Percent error:
Accepted value
experimental value
70
Statistical procedures to assess measurement error:
-Standard error of measurement (SEM)
-Coefficient of variation (CV)
-Limits of agreement (LOA)
71
SI unit of length (distance)
meter (m)
72
SI unit of mass
gram (g)
73
SI unit of weight (or force)
newton (N)
74
SI unit of volume (capacity)
liter (L) or cubic meter (m3)
75
SI unit of temperature
kelvin (k)
76
SI unit of time
seconds (s)
77
SI unit of pressure
Newtons per square (N/m2) (pascal)
78
SI unit of electric current
Ampere (A)
79
SI unit of amount of substrate
Mole (mol)
