[Prelim] Chemistry Flashcards
- Is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Everything around us is made up of_______.
- is composed of tiny particlescalled atoms which consist of even smaller subatomic particles such as electrons,protons, and neutrons.
- Can be in the form of solid,liquid, or gas.
Matter
States of Matter:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
Properties of Matter:
- Intensive Properties
- Extensive Properties
Intensive Properties:
- Boiling Point
- Color
- Temperature
- Luster
- Hardness
Extensive Properties:
- Volume
- Mass
- Size
- Weight
- Length
Physical Properties:
- Luster
- Malleability
- Ductility
- Brittleness
- Density
- Color
- Odor
- Taste
- Hardness
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
- Solubility
Pure Substances:
- Elements
- Compounds
Elements:
- Metals
- Nonmetals
- Metalloids
Mixtures:
- Homogenous
- Heterogenous
-Have a definite volume and maintain a definite shape.
-There is a strong force of attraction between particles and little free space between them making these particles closely packed together and rigid.
Solids
Particles in solid tend to ________ and have fixed positions. They cannot move much because they are very close toone another and have __________.
Vibrate slowly, Low kinetic Energy
- ________ also have a definite volume, butdo not have a definite shape. They take the shape of their container.
Liquids
- The particles in a _______ are not asclosely held together as in solids.
Liquid
*Liquid particles have ___________ than those solids, which is why they can move past each other.
More kinetic Energy
The movement of the particles causes liquids to _____.
Flow
- ________ have no definite volume and nodefinite shape. - Like liquids, they also take the shape oftheir container.
Gases
- The force acting on the particles of agas is weak, which is why they tend to move _____ each other freely.
Past
- The particles in a gas have a ________ and have a lot of space between them, making the gas flow.
high kinetic energy
- All matter can be described through their________ and ________ properties.
-Physical
-Chemical
- The ______________ of matter are perceived by the senses. Theycan be observed, measured, and tested without changing the composition ofmatter.
Physical Properties
- Color, odor, taste, hardness, meltingpoint, and boiling point are some examples of ___________.
Physical Properties.
*The physical properties of matter can either be ________ or _________.
extensive or intensive
- Are properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present or being measured.
-If the amount of matter is changed, the property will remain the same.
Intensive properties
Color, hardness, and boiling point aresome examples of ____________.
intensive properties
____________ areproperties that depend on the amount of matter present or being tested. *If there is a change in the amount ofmatter, these properties change, too.
Extensive properties
*Some examples of ___________ arevolume, mass, length, and shape.
extensive properties
_____ ,such as red, blue, and yellow, is perceived in the light receptors of the eyes,as they interact with the different spectra of light.
Color
_____ is the perceived smell of an object, identified by the olfactory receptors of humans and animals.
Odor
______ is the sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, and umami flavor of food.
Taste
__________ refers to the ability of a material to resist scratching.
Hardness
Is the temperature where solid changes to liquid.
Melting Point
Is the temperature where liquid changes to gas.
Boiling Point
is the property of a substance to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gas.
Solubility
is a property of a material that pertains to the interaction on the surface of metals.
Luster
is the ability of a metal to be hammered or shaped into thin sheets without breaking of cracking.
Malleability
_______ is the ability of a metal to be drawn into thin wires. Metals are ductile because the atoms of metals can move past each other without breaking the metallic bond, which retains its structure.
Ductility
is the tendency of a material to break even when a small amount of force is applied.
Brittleness
is defined as the mass of an object per unit volume.
Density
Are properties involved in the transformation of substances into other materials which possess a completely different structure and composition from the original.
chemical properties
Is the ability of matter to burn.
Flammability
is the ability of matter to chemically combine with another.
Reactivity
Contains only one kind of element or compound. It has a constant composition and cannot be separated by physical means.
Pure Substances
Pure substances can be classified into ________ and __________.
- Elements
- Compounds
________ are substances composed only of only one kind of atom.
Elements
Elements can be classified into _______,________, or __________.
- Metals
- Nonmetals
- Metalloids
_______ constitute the greatest number of elements in the periodic table.
Metals
lack the characteristics of metals
Nonmetals
are dull in appearance
Nonmetals
are brittle
Nonmetals
Are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Nonmetals
Have low densities.
Nonmetals
Are lustrous
Metals
Melleable and ductile
Metals
Are good conductors
Metals
Are solid
Metals
Are hard
Metals
Have high densities
Metals
Are elements which have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Metalloids
Are substances composed of two or more kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions.
Compounds
Are made up of two or more substances which are mixed together but not chemically combined.
Mixtures
*Mixtures can be ___________ or ___________.
- Homogenous
- Heterogenous
A mixture has only one phase and a uniform composition throughout.
Homogenous
It is difficult to distinguish the components of a ___________ mixture.
Homogenous
A mixture has two or more phases. Components of a heterogeneous mixture can be identified at times.
Heterogeneous
Methods of Separating Mixtures:
- Filtration
- Sedimentation and Decantation
- Sublimation
- Evaporation
- Distillation
- Chromatography
- This method is used for mixtures
of insoluble solid in a liquid. - Filtration requires a filtering medium like cheesecloth or filter paper.
- The filter paper traps the insoluble solids while allowing the liquid to pass through.
- This process is applicable for a mixture of sand in water.
Filtration
The solid component that remained in the filtering medium is called the _____.
Residue
The liquid collected is called the _______.
Filtrate
- ___________ allows heavier solid components to settle at the bottom.
- When heavier components are finally settled, the liquid above is poured into another container, thus, the process of ____________.
Sedimentation and Decantation
- If a mixture involves a substance that can easily transform from a solid state to its gaseous state, sublimation is used.
- Example: mixture of naphthalene and salt. Slight increase of heat makes naphthalene sublime, leaving salt.
Sublimation
- __________ is used for mixtures of soluble solids in liquids, such as table salt in water.
- Water evaporates upon heating, leaving the salt crystals.
Evaporation
This method is used for mixtures of two liquids with different boiling points through continuous evaporation and condensation processes.
Distillation
- This method is used to separate
the components of inks. - Using a mobile phase and stationary phase, the components rise in different speeds on the paper through capillary action.
Chromatography
