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Anatomy Lab > Prelim - Types of CELLS > Flashcards

Prelim - Types of CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Father of modern Anatomy

A

ANDREAS VESALIUS

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2
Q

Is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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4
Q

is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye such as the heart or bones.

A

GROSS (MACROSCOPIC) ANATOMY

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5
Q

Is the body’s control center.

A

Brain

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6
Q

the most important organ of the
circulatory system, which helps deliver blood to the body

A

Heart

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7
Q

Work with the heart to oxygenate blood.

A

Lungs

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8
Q

the most important organ of the
metabolic system.

A

Liver

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9
Q

Remove wastes and extra fluid from your body

A

Kidney

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10
Q

Kidneys remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—
such as _______, ___________, ___________, and ____________ —in your blood

A

sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium

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11
Q

_______ can then be used to identify and locate the positions of the patient’s internal organs

A

planes

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12
Q

a _______ _______ perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right

A

Sagittal Plane

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13
Q

Sagittal plane is also known as

A

Longitudinal Plane

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14
Q

The ________ ______ in the midline i.e. it would pass through the midline structures

A

Midsagittal plane

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15
Q

Midsagittal plane is also known as

A

Median Plane

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16
Q

Sagittal plane is also known as

A

parasagittal plane

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17
Q

A _________ ______ is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body
into (posterior of back) and
(anterior or front) portions

A

Coronal plane

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18
Q

Coronal plane is also knwon as

A

Frontal plane

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19
Q

Also known as posterior or back

A

Dorsal

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20
Q

Also known as anterior or front

A

Ventral

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21
Q

a __________ ______ divides the body into cranial (head) and caudal
(tail) portions. It is parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the
inferior, or put another way, the head from the feet.

A

Transverse Plane

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22
Q

Transverse plane is also known as

A

Axial plane or cross-section

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23
Q

For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the
__________ _______ in the coronal and sagittal planes.

A

transverse plane

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24
Q

_____ a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint takes place in plane about it.

A

Axis

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25
Q

Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
transverse planes.

A

Sagittal Axis

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26
Q

Passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by the intersection of the frontal and
transverse planes.

A

Frontal axis

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27
Q

Passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
frontal planes

A

Vertical Axis

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28
Q

Sole of the foot moves out

A

Ankle Eversion

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29
Q

The soles moves in

A

Ankle inversion

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30
Q

Tail is the

A

caudal

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31
Q

head is the

A

cranial

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32
Q

any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body.

A

Abduction

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33
Q

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

A

Adduction

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34
Q

a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.

A

Flexion

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35
Q

describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.

A

Extension

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36
Q

the movement of the foot in a downward motion away from the body

A

plantar flexion

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37
Q

where the toes are brought closer to the shin.

A

Dorsiflexion

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38
Q

➢ Exhibits all characteristics of life
➢ Are highly organized
➢ Many become specialized for complex functions.

A

Cells

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39
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

Cell

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40
Q

➢ All living things are composed of cells
➢ Cells are the functional and structural units of organisms
➢ All cells are derived from previously existing cells.

A

Cell Theory

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41
Q

invented the light microscope

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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42
Q

first observed cells in cork
(actually saw the cell walls of dead cells)

A

Robert Hooke

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43
Q

proposed cell
theory

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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44
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented

A

Light microscope

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45
Q

Robert Hooke was the first to observe

A

cells in cork

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46
Q

Scheiden and Schwann proposed

A

cell theory

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47
Q

the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.

A

Homeostasis

48
Q

the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

A

Homeostasis

49
Q

the condition of optimal Functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits.

A

Homeostasis

50
Q

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS HAVE
AT LEAST THREE INTERDEPENDENT

A

Receptor, Integrating center, Effector

51
Q

Also known as integrating center

A

Control center

52
Q

generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.

A

Integrating center

53
Q

generally a
region of the brain called the ______________ signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

Examples of effector

A

muscle or organ

55
Q

a bodily function in response to cold in warm-blooded
animals.

A

Shivering

56
Q

Also knwon as shivering

A

shuddering

57
Q

When the core body temperature drops, the shivering
reflex is triggered to ___________ ____________. Skeletal
muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating
warmth by expending energy

A

maintain homeostasis

58
Q

basic building blocks of living things.

A

Cell

59
Q

smallest structural and functional unit of an
organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

A

CElls

60
Q

These cells are tightly
attached to one another. These are cells that come
from the surfaces of your body, such as your skin,
blood vessels, urinary tract, or organs. They serve as
a barrier between the inside and outside of your body,
and protect it from viruses. A small number of epithelial cells in your urine is normal.

A

Epithelial cells

61
Q

These cells are specialized for
communication. They send and receive signals from your brain.

A

Neurons/Nerve cells

62
Q

Nerve cells are also known as

A

neurons

63
Q

Specialized projections called _____ allow neurons to
transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells.

A

axons

64
Q

These cells are specialized for
contraction. They are
the cells that make up muscle tissue

A

Muscle cells / Myocytes

65
Q

Muscles are also known as

A

Myocytes

66
Q

There are 3 types of muscle cells in the human body

A

: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

67
Q

Cardiac and skeletal myocytes are sometimes referred to as ______ _______ due to their long and
fibrous shape.

A

muscle fibers

68
Q

most common cell type of
connective tissue. They produce both fibers and amorphous ground substance.

A

Fibroblasts

69
Q

unique cells of the body in that they are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into
specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into
tissues.

A

STEM CELLS

70
Q

able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue.

A

Stem cells

71
Q

a type of mineralized connective tissue and a major component of the skeletal system.

A

Bones

72
Q

Bone cells form bone, which is composed of a matrix
of _______ & _________ __________ minerals.

A

collagen and calcium phosphate

73
Q

There are three primary types of bone cells in the body.

A

Osteoclast, Osteoblast, and Osteocytes

74
Q

large cells that decompose
bone for resorption and assimilation.

A

Osteoclast

75
Q

regulate bone mineralization and
produce osteoid (organic substance of bone matrix),
which mineralizes to form bone.

A

Osteoblast

76
Q

Osteoblasts mature to form ____________

A

osteocytes

77
Q

aid in the formation of bone and
help maintain calcium balance

A

Osteocytes

78
Q

organic substance of bone matrix

A

osteoid

79
Q

From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.

A

Blood cells

80
Q

From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.

A

Blood cells

81
Q

three major types of cells in the blood are:

A

RBC, WBC, and Platelets

82
Q

determine blood type and are
also responsible for transporting oxygen to cells.

A

Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes

83
Q

immune system cells
that destroy pathogens and provide immunity

A

White Blood Cells / Leukocytes

84
Q

help to clot blood and prevent
excessive blood loss due to broken or damaged blood vessels.

A

Platelets / Thrombocytes

85
Q

Blood cells are produced by

A

Bone marrow

86
Q

form muscle tissue, which is
important for bodily movement.

A

Muscle Cells

87
Q

attaches to bones enabling voluntary movement

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

88
Q

form involuntary cardiac muscle found in the heart. They aid in heart contraction and are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow for synchronization of the heartbeat.

A

Cardiac Muscle Cell

89
Q

They are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports the muscle fiber bundles.

A

Skeletal Muscle Cells

90
Q

is not striated like
cardiac and skeletal muscle.

A

Smooth muscle Tissue

91
Q

________ ___________ is involuntary muscle that lines body
cavities and forms the walls of many organs (kidneys,
intestines, blood vessels, lung airways, and so on).

A

Smooth muscle

92
Q

are the major cell
component of adipose tissue.

A

Adipocytes / Fat cells

93
Q

contain droplets of stored fat
(triglycerides) that can be used for energy

A

Adipocytes

94
Q

Other name of Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

95
Q

When fat is being stored → fat cells ________ & ________. When fat is being used, these cells
________

A

Swell & Round,
Shrink

96
Q

also have an endocrine function
as they produce hormones that influence sex hormone
metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling.

A

Adipose cells

97
Q

composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying
subcutaneous layer

A

Skin

98
Q

The _________ _____ of the skin is
composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are
closely packed together.

A

Outermost layer

99
Q

basic units of the nervous system.

A

Nerve cells/Neurons

100
Q

send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and
other body organs via nerve impulses.

A

Nerves

101
Q

A neuron consists of two major parts:

A

a cell body and
nerve processes.

102
Q

“finger-like” projections that extend from the cell body and are
able to conduct and transmit signals

A

Nerve processes (axons
and dendrites)

103
Q

form the inner lining of
the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. They Are responsible for angiogenesis.
They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood pressure.

A

Endothelial Cells

104
Q

creation of new
blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

105
Q

reproductive cells produced in male and female gonads.

A

Sex cells or gametes

106
Q

a sex cell that is motile and have a long, tail-like projection

A

Male sex cells or sperm

107
Q

a sex cell that are non-motile
and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete.

A

FEmale sex cells or Ova

108
Q

In sexual reproduction, sex cells unite during _____________ to form a new individual

A

Fertilization

109
Q

Other body cells - ______________
Gametes - _________________

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

110
Q

functions as both an exocrine and
endocrine organ.

A

Pancreas

111
Q

produce and secrete
digestive enzymes that are transported by ducts to the
small intestine.

A

Exocrine Acinar cells

112
Q

Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called

A

Islets of Largerhans

113
Q

These pancreatic endocrine cells can produce hormones like

A

Insulin, Glucagon, and gastrin

114
Q

are important for regulating blood glucose concentration levels as well as for the digestion of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats.

A

Pancreatic cells

115
Q

results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide
uncontrollably and spread to other locations.

A

Cancer

116
Q

lose sensitivity to anti-growth
signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death

A

Cancer cells

Anatomy Lab (7 decks)

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