Prelim - Types of CELLS Flashcards
Father of modern Anatomy
ANDREAS VESALIUS
Is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Anatomy
Is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.
PHYSIOLOGY
is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye such as the heart or bones.
GROSS (MACROSCOPIC) ANATOMY
Is the body’s control center.
Brain
the most important organ of the
circulatory system, which helps deliver blood to the body
Heart
Work with the heart to oxygenate blood.
Lungs
the most important organ of the
metabolic system.
Liver
Remove wastes and extra fluid from your body
Kidney
Kidneys remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—
such as _______, ___________, ___________, and ____________ —in your blood
sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium
_______ can then be used to identify and locate the positions of the patient’s internal organs
planes
a _______ _______ perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right
Sagittal Plane
Sagittal plane is also known as
Longitudinal Plane
The ________ ______ in the midline i.e. it would pass through the midline structures
Midsagittal plane
Midsagittal plane is also known as
Median Plane
Sagittal plane is also known as
parasagittal plane
A _________ ______ is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body
into (posterior of back) and
(anterior or front) portions
Coronal plane
Coronal plane is also knwon as
Frontal plane
Also known as posterior or back
Dorsal
Also known as anterior or front
Ventral
a __________ ______ divides the body into cranial (head) and caudal
(tail) portions. It is parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the
inferior, or put another way, the head from the feet.
Transverse Plane
Transverse plane is also known as
Axial plane or cross-section
For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the
__________ _______ in the coronal and sagittal planes.
transverse plane
_____ a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint takes place in plane about it.
Axis
Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
transverse planes.
Sagittal Axis
Passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by the intersection of the frontal and
transverse planes.
Frontal axis
Passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and
frontal planes
Vertical Axis
Sole of the foot moves out
Ankle Eversion
The soles moves in
Ankle inversion
Tail is the
caudal
head is the
cranial
any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.
Flexion
describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.
Extension
the movement of the foot in a downward motion away from the body
plantar flexion
where the toes are brought closer to the shin.
Dorsiflexion
➢ Exhibits all characteristics of life
➢ Are highly organized
➢ Many become specialized for complex functions.
Cells
Smallest unit of life
Cell
➢ All living things are composed of cells
➢ Cells are the functional and structural units of organisms
➢ All cells are derived from previously existing cells.
Cell Theory
invented the light microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
first observed cells in cork
(actually saw the cell walls of dead cells)
Robert Hooke
proposed cell
theory
Schleiden and Schwann
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented
Light microscope
Robert Hooke was the first to observe
cells in cork
Scheiden and Schwann proposed
cell theory
the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.
Homeostasis
the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
Homeostasis
the condition of optimal Functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits.
Homeostasis
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS HAVE
AT LEAST THREE INTERDEPENDENT
Receptor, Integrating center, Effector
Also known as integrating center
Control center
generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.
Integrating center
generally a
region of the brain called the ______________ signals
an effector (e.g. muscle or an organ) to respond to the
stimuli.
Hypothalamus
Examples of effector
muscle or organ
a bodily function in response to cold in warm-blooded
animals.
Shivering
Also knwon as shivering
shuddering
When the core body temperature drops, the shivering
reflex is triggered to ___________ ____________. Skeletal
muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating
warmth by expending energy
maintain homeostasis
basic building blocks of living things.
Cell
smallest structural and functional unit of an
organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
CElls
These cells are tightly
attached to one another. These are cells that come
from the surfaces of your body, such as your skin,
blood vessels, urinary tract, or organs. They serve as
a barrier between the inside and outside of your body,
and protect it from viruses. A small number of epithelial cells in your urine is normal.
Epithelial cells
These cells are specialized for
communication. They send and receive signals from your brain.
Neurons/Nerve cells
Nerve cells are also known as
neurons
Specialized projections called _____ allow neurons to
transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells.
axons
These cells are specialized for
contraction. They are
the cells that make up muscle tissue
Muscle cells / Myocytes
Muscles are also known as
Myocytes
There are 3 types of muscle cells in the human body
: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.
Cardiac and skeletal myocytes are sometimes referred to as ______ _______ due to their long and
fibrous shape.
muscle fibers
most common cell type of
connective tissue. They produce both fibers and amorphous ground substance.
Fibroblasts
unique cells of the body in that they are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into
specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into
tissues.
STEM CELLS
able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue.
Stem cells
a type of mineralized connective tissue and a major component of the skeletal system.
Bones
Bone cells form bone, which is composed of a matrix
of _______ & _________ __________ minerals.
collagen and calcium phosphate
There are three primary types of bone cells in the body.
Osteoclast, Osteoblast, and Osteocytes
large cells that decompose
bone for resorption and assimilation.
Osteoclast
regulate bone mineralization and
produce osteoid (organic substance of bone matrix),
which mineralizes to form bone.
Osteoblast
Osteoblasts mature to form ____________
osteocytes
aid in the formation of bone and
help maintain calcium balance
Osteocytes
organic substance of bone matrix
osteoid
From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.
Blood cells
From transporting oxygen throughout the body to
fighting infection, _______ _____ are vital to life.
Blood cells
three major types of cells in the blood are:
RBC, WBC, and Platelets
determine blood type and are
also responsible for transporting oxygen to cells.
Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes
immune system cells
that destroy pathogens and provide immunity
White Blood Cells / Leukocytes
help to clot blood and prevent
excessive blood loss due to broken or damaged blood vessels.
Platelets / Thrombocytes
Blood cells are produced by
Bone marrow
form muscle tissue, which is
important for bodily movement.
Muscle Cells
attaches to bones enabling voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
form involuntary cardiac muscle found in the heart. They aid in heart contraction and are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow for synchronization of the heartbeat.
Cardiac Muscle Cell
They are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports the muscle fiber bundles.
Skeletal Muscle Cells
is not striated like
cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle Tissue
________ ___________ is involuntary muscle that lines body
cavities and forms the walls of many organs (kidneys,
intestines, blood vessels, lung airways, and so on).
Smooth muscle
are the major cell
component of adipose tissue.
Adipocytes / Fat cells
contain droplets of stored fat
(triglycerides) that can be used for energy
Adipocytes
Other name of Adipocytes
Fat cells
When fat is being stored → fat cells ________ & ________. When fat is being used, these cells
________
Swell & Round,
Shrink
also have an endocrine function
as they produce hormones that influence sex hormone
metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling.
Adipose cells
composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying
subcutaneous layer
Skin
The _________ _____ of the skin is
composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are
closely packed together.
Outermost layer
basic units of the nervous system.
Nerve cells/Neurons
send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and
other body organs via nerve impulses.
Nerves
A neuron consists of two major parts:
a cell body and
nerve processes.
“finger-like” projections that extend from the cell body and are
able to conduct and transmit signals
Nerve processes (axons
and dendrites)
form the inner lining of
the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. They Are responsible for angiogenesis.
They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood pressure.
Endothelial Cells
creation of new
blood vessels
Angiogenesis
reproductive cells produced in male and female gonads.
Sex cells or gametes
a sex cell that is motile and have a long, tail-like projection
Male sex cells or sperm
a sex cell that are non-motile
and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete.
FEmale sex cells or Ova
In sexual reproduction, sex cells unite during _____________ to form a new individual
Fertilization
Other body cells - ______________
Gametes - _________________
Mitosis
Meiosis
functions as both an exocrine and
endocrine organ.
Pancreas
produce and secrete
digestive enzymes that are transported by ducts to the
small intestine.
Exocrine Acinar cells
Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called
Islets of Largerhans
These pancreatic endocrine cells can produce hormones like
Insulin, Glucagon, and gastrin
are important for regulating blood glucose concentration levels as well as for the digestion of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats.
Pancreatic cells
results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide
uncontrollably and spread to other locations.
Cancer
lose sensitivity to anti-growth
signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death
Cancer cells
