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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

These neurons have usually have one axon and several dendrites

A

motor neurons

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2
Q

transmits signals a long distance from the neuron to the area to be activated

A

axon

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3
Q

axon is covered with a insulating fatty layer called a

A

myelin sheath

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4
Q

are short and unsheathed part of the neuron

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

Motor neurons cause

A

muscle contractions
control secretions from glands and organs

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6
Q

These neurons do not have true dendrites. They are attached to sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous system

A

Sensory neurons

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7
Q

Sensory neurons are attached to

A

sensory receptor

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8
Q

NERVE RECEPTORS > __________ NEURONS > _______NEURONS > _________NEURONS

A

Sensory, Inter-, Motor

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9
Q

are located entirely within the central nervous system. They intercept the
impulses from the sensory neurons and transmit the signals to the motor neurons.

A

Interneurons

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10
Q

, only found on peripheral nerves which can regenerate

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

a fatty layer of insulation on some
nerve fibers

A

Myelin sheath

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12
Q

These nerves conduct impulses to the central nervous system

A

AFFERENT nerves

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13
Q

These nerves conduct impulses to the muscles, organs, and glands.

A

EFFERENT nerves

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14
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers is simply called a

A

nerve

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15
Q

Nerve impulses are transmitted via branches called

A

synapses

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16
Q

The synapses are __________… hooking dendrites and axons from one neuron to another.

A

connectors

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17
Q

The number of synapses
influences

A

transmission

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18
Q

the central nervous system receive impulses, process the information, and respond with the appropriate action

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

_____ _________ of the brain and spinal cord consists of unsheathed nerve fibers (cannot be regenerated if damaged) in the cortex or surface layer

A

Gray matter

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20
Q

Gray matter of the brain and spinal cord consists of unsheathed nerve fibers n the

A

cortex or surface layer

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21
Q

makes up the internal structure, and consists of myelinated nerve fibers.

A

white matter

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22
Q

The brain and spinal cord are
enclosed by 3 membranes,
collectively known as the

A

meninges

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23
Q

the outside membrane is the

A

dura mater

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24
Q

the middle membrane is the

A

arachnoid

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25
Q

the inside membrane is the

A

pia mater

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26
Q

governs all sensory and motor
activity which includes sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements

A

cerebrum

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27
Q

cerebrum Taking up of the _____ brain’s weight

A

7/8

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28
Q

The cerebrum is divided into the l______ & _____hemispheres

A

left and right

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29
Q

cortex is arranged in bulging folds, each one called a

A

gyrus

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30
Q

the furrows, each one called a

A

sulcus

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31
Q

The surface of the brain is called the

A

Cortex

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32
Q

The cortex is also divided into 4 lobes that correspond to the overlying bones of the skull:

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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33
Q

This lobe specializes in motor activity,
personality, and speech

A

Frontal lobe

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34
Q

This lobe is where s where language, temperature, pressure, touch are interpreted;

A

Parietal lobe

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35
Q

This lobe contains centers for hearing, smell, and language input

A

Temporal lobe

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36
Q

This lobe specializes in vision

A

Occipital lobe

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37
Q

the second largest part of the brain which contains nerve fibers that connect it to every part of the central
nervous system.

A

cerebellum

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38
Q

This part of the brain coordinates voluntary and involuntary patterns of movements. It also adjusts muscles to automatically maintain posture

A

cerebellum

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39
Q

refers to the thalamus, epithalamus
and hypothalamus.

A

diencephalon

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40
Q

the relay center for all sensory impulses except olfactory (sense of smell) and motor areas of the cortex.

A

thalamus

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41
Q

regulates behavior and emotional expression, body temperature,
and many metabolic activities

A

hypothalamus

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42
Q

hypothalamus is Attached to the ____________ ______, it also controls
hormonal secretions of this gland.

A

pituitary gland

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43
Q

brainstem consists of 3 structures:

A

gray matter of the midbrain
white matter of the pons
medulla oblongata

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44
Q

control visual reflexes and sense of hearing

A

gray matter of the midbrain

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45
Q

plays a role in regulating visceral (internal organ) control.

A

white matter of the pons

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46
Q

connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. It regulates breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

A

medulla oblongata

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47
Q

The spinal cord has ____ segments

A

31

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48
Q

__ cervical segments to the vertebrae; ____ thoracic segments
___ lumbar segments
___ sacral segments
__ coccygeal segment.

A

8
12
5
5
1

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49
Q

The 44 cm long spinal cord is shorter than the ________ ________

A

spinal column

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50
Q

At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right pairs of sensory and motor nerves branch out and connect to the

A

Peripheral NS

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51
Q

A colorless fluid is produced in the ventricles of the brain; it surrounds the brain and spinal cord which cushions the brain and cord from
shocks that could cause injury

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is maintained at a level around ____-___ cup.

A

1/2 - 2/3

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53
Q

The network of nerves branching out
throughout the body from the brain and spinal cord is called the

A

peripheral nervous system.

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54
Q

there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves that attach to the brain:

A

12

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55
Q

This cranial nerve carries sensory input for smell

A

olfactory nerve

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56
Q

This cranial nerve carries sensory input for vision

A

optic nerve

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57
Q

This cranial nerve controls muscles
of the eye and eyelid

A

oculomotor nerve

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58
Q

This cranial nerve controls the eyeball

A

trochlear nerve

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59
Q

This cranial nerve controls the face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of head, and jaw.

A

trigeminal nerve

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60
Q

This cranial nerve controls muscles of the face and scalp, and part of the tongue for sense of taste.

A

facial nerve

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61
Q

This cranial nerve provides sensory
input for hearing and equilibrium.

A

auditory or cochlear nerve

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62
Q

This cranial nerve controls saliva, swallowing, and taste.

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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63
Q

This cranial nerve is the longest cranial nerve, extending to and controlling the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.

A

vagus nerve

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64
Q

This cranial nerve permits movement of the head and shoulders.

A

accessory nerve

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65
Q

This cranial nerve controls the muscles of the tongue.

A

hypoglassal nerve

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66
Q

a part of the peripheral nervous system which controls the involuntary bodily functions

A

autonomic nervous system

67
Q

autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 parts which are

A

the ‘sympathetic’ and
‘parasympathetic’ divisions.

68
Q

Responsible for the ‘flight or fight’
responses. It increased alertness, metabolic rate, respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating and a decrease in digestive and urinary function.

A

sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

counteracts the responses of the
sympathetic system… restoring homeostasis

A

parasympathetic nervous system

70
Q

primary process is to stimulate the
body’s fight-flight-or-freeze response.

A

sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

functions to regulate the body’s
unconscious actions.

A

autonomic nervous system

72
Q

This system relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy
functions.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

73
Q
  • Sympathetic nervous system originates in the
A

spinal cord

74
Q

The cell bodies of the first neuron (the preganglionic neuron) are
located in the

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

75
Q

Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ________ located near
the spinal cord

76
Q

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones to accelerate the heart rate

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

77
Q

catecholamines produced by the SNS are

A
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
78
Q

results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in
activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

reduced heart rate

79
Q

After the _________ sends a distress signal→the ________________
activates the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through
the _________ nerves to the _________ glands.

A

amygdala ; hypothalamus; autonomic, adrenal

80
Q

a collection of cells near the base of the brain. This is where emotions are given meaning, remembered, and attached to associations and responses to them

81
Q
  • Amygdala is -considered to be part of the brain’s
A

limbic system

82
Q

This causes a temporary decrease in the amount of blood pumped by the heart.

A

Valsalva maneuver

83
Q

True or false
If the sympathetic nervous system is damaged, however, the blood vessels constrict and blood pressure progressively decreases

A

False, Blood vessels does not constrict

84
Q

a breathing method that may slow your heart when it’s beating too fast.

A

Valsalva maneuver

85
Q

True or False
In Valsalva maneuver, you breathe out weakly through your mouth while holding your nose open. This creates a forceful strain that can trigger your heart to react and go back into normal rhythm.

A

False,
breathe out strongly
holding your nose tightly closed

86
Q

performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one’s mouth, pinching one’s nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon

A

Valsalva maneuver

87
Q

The heart is innervated

A

vagal and sympathetic fibers

88
Q

primarily innervates the SA node

A

Right vagus nerve

89
Q

innervates the AV

A

Left vagus nerves

90
Q

releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate
the heart rate.

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

91
Q

releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.

A

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

92
Q

Pain stimulates the sympathetic nervous system→which in turn increases ________ ______ _____ and causes ____________ ______________

A

heart rate (HR)
peripheral vasoconstriction

93
Q

The main drugs that have been clearly shown to affect SNS function are

A

 beta-blockers
 alpha-blockers
 centrally acting drugs

94
Q

Beta blockers, also known as

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

95
Q

are medications that reduce your blood pressure.

A

Beta blockers

96
Q

are medications that reduce your blood pressure.

A

Beta blockers

97
Q

Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone

A

epinephrine

98
Q

epinephrine other term is

A

adrenaline

99
Q

Beta blockers cause your heart to beat more slowly and with less force which

A

lowers blood pressure.

100
Q

Examples of beta blockers

A

 Acebutolol (Sectral) AS
 Atenolol (Tenormin) AT
 Bisoprolol (Zebeta) BZ
 Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) ML
 Nadolol (Corgard) NC
 Nebivolol (Bystolic) NB
 Propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran XL) PI

101
Q

are used in combination with other drugs to treat high blood pressure and can treat prostate problems in men.

A

ALPHA BLOCKERS

102
Q

ALPHA BLOCKERS lowers ______ __________ by keeping the
hormone norepinephrine from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins.

A

blood pressure

103
Q

ALPHA BLOCKERS lower blood pressure by keeping this hormone from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins.

A

norepinephrine

104
Q

Examples of alpha blockers

A

 Doxazosin (Cardura) DC
 Prazosin (Minipress) PM
 Terazosin T

105
Q

lowers your heart rate and reduce your blood pressure. They do this by blocking signals from your brain to your nervous system that speed up
your heart and narrow your veins and arteries

A

CENTRAL-ACTING AGENTS

106
Q

 As a result, your heart doesn’t pump as hard and your blood flows more easily through your blood vessels

A

CENTRAL-ACTING AGENTS

107
Q

Examples of central-acting agents include:

A

 Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) CCK
 Guanfacine (Intuniv) GI
 Methyldopa M

108
Q

relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter

A

CHOLINERGIC

109
Q

any of various drugs that inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

CHOLINERGIC DRUG

110
Q

the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

111
Q

that part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels,
increases bodily secretions, and slows the heart rate.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

112
Q

Examples of CHOLINERGIC DRUG are

A

 Anticholinesterase.
 Eserine.
 Muscarine.
 Neostigmine.
 Pyridostigmine

113
Q

Adrenergic Receptors are also known as

A

Adrenoceptors

114
Q

a class of G protein-coupled
receptors that are targets of many
catecholamines produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, β2 agonists and α2 agonists

A

Adrenergic Receptors or Adrenoceptors

115
Q

are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma

A

beta blockers,
β2 agonists
α2 agonists,

116
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two main receptors types:

A

 cholinergic receptors
 adrenergic receptors.

117
Q

those that are acted upon by natural biochemicals found in your body

A

adrenergic receptors

118
Q

natural biochemicals found in your
body are called

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

119
Q

The adrenergic receptors are divided into two types:

A

ALPHA
BETA.

120
Q

Adrenergic is called the

A

sympathetic line (SNS)

121
Q

Cholinergic is called the

A

parasympathetic line (PNS)

122
Q

receptors binding epinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

123
Q

there are five types of adrenergic receptors are

A

α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3.

124
Q

These receptors are also the targets of commonly used classes of drugs that block or stimulate signaling.

A

β-Adrenergic Receptors

125
Q

often used to treat hypertension and heart failure, and to control heart rate in atrial fibrillation

A

β-Blockers

126
Q

used to treat asthma.

A

β-agonists

127
Q

β-Adrenergic Receptors

A

β-Blockers
β-agonists

128
Q

a control system that acts largely
unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual
arousal.

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

129
Q

Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

the nervous system can be divided
into the

A

central nervous system (brain
and spine) and peripheral nervous
system

131
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the

A

sensory (afferent) pathway or the motor (efferent) pathway

132
Q

motor pathway can be subdivided
according to whether the response is

A

voluntary (somatic) or involuntary
(autonomic)

133
Q

controls involuntary processes in the body using centres located mostly within the brainstem

A

autonomic nervous system

134
Q

Sympathetic nerves release ____________ to mobilise
body systems (‘fight or flight’ responses)

A

noradrenaline (adrenergic)

135
Q

Parasympathetic nerves release this hormone to relax body systems and conserve energy (‘rest and digest’)

A

acetylcholine (cholinergic

136
Q

a part of the brainstem responsible for coordinating many autonomic
(involuntary) activities

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

137
Q

MEDULLA OBLONGATA includes the regulation of body activities such
as

A

swallowing, breathing and heart rate

138
Q

SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (FIGHT/FLIGHT) Decreases ________ _________ and ________ ______ to the gut in response to swallowing

A

salivary release & blood flow

139
Q

in SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (FIGHT/FLIGHT), it Increases ventilation rate and dilates airways
in response to a

A

reduction in blood pH

140
Q

reduction in blood pH is caused by

A

increased levels of CO2

141
Q

SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES Increases heart rate by raising the normal sinus
rhythm of the ____________ of the heart

142
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Increases ________ _________ and ________ ______ to the gut in response to swallowing

A

salivary release & blood flow

143
Q

in PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Lowers ventilation rate and constricts airways in response to an

A

increase in blood pH

144
Q

n increase in blood pH is caused
by

A

lower levels of CO2

145
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES (REST & DIGEST / FEED & BREED) Reduces _______ _____ ) by lowering
the normal sinus rhythm of the pacemaker of the heart

A

Reduces heart rate

146
Q

Reduces heart rate in the parasympathetic response is monitored via

A

vagus nerve

147
Q

This nerve runs from the brain through the face and thorax to the abdomen.

A

vagus nerve

148
Q

vagus nerve is a _______ nerve e that contains parasympathetic fibres

A

mixed nerve

149
Q

VAGUS NERVE has two sensory ganglia which are

A

superior and the inferior ganglia

150
Q

masses of nerve issue that transmit sensory impulses

151
Q

(I) Olfactory nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Sensory nerve

152
Q

(II) Optic nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Sensory nerve

153
Q

(III) Oculomotor nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Motor nerve

154
Q

(IV) Trochlear nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Motor nerve

155
Q

(V) Trigeminal nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Both sensory & motor nerve

156
Q

(VI) Abducens nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Motor nerve

157
Q

(VII) Facial nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Both sensory & motor nerve

158
Q

(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve is a ________ nerve

A

sensory nerve

159
Q

(iX) Glossopharyngeal nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Both sensory & motor nerve

160
Q

(X) Vagus nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Both sensory & motor nerve

161
Q

(XI) Spinal accessories nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Motor nerve

162
Q

(XII) Hypoglossal nerve is a ________ nerve

A

Motor nerve

Anatomy Lab (7 decks)

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