Prelim - Cell organelles and Integumentary system

Question 1

wo-thirds of a cell is _______ → means that two-thirds of your whole body is _______.

Answer 1

water

Question 2

The rest is a mixture of molecules, mainly

Answer 2

Macromolecules like Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates

Question 3

basically made of biological molecules

Answer 3

cell

Question 4

These biomolecules are all made from

Answer 4

C, H & O

Question 5

Proteins and nucleic acids have

Answer 5

N

Question 6

It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of the
cell.

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

contains all the information for cells to live, perform their functions and reproduce.

Answer 7

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 8

Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the

Answer 8

Nucleolus

Question 9

The contains genetic information
(DNA) on special strands called

Answer 9

chromosomes

Question 10

The nucleus is the “_______ ________”
of the cell, for cell metabolism and reproduction.

Answer 10

control center

Question 11

A network of membranous tubules within the
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the
nuclear membrane.
➢ It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in
protein and lipid synthesis

Answer 11

ER

Question 12

transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to
the Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 13

The ER folds the protein molecules in sacs called

Answer 13

Cisternae

Question 14

It has a clear and gel-like appearance. consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane
of a cell. Most of the important activities of the cell occur here.

Answer 14

Cytoplasm

Question 15

• responsible for giving a cell its
  shape.
• helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place.

Answer 15

Cytoplasm

Question 16

Other names of cell membrane

Answer 16

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasmic membrane, and plasmalemma

Question 17

a biological membrane that separates the interior of
all cells from the outside environment (the
extracellular space) which protects the cell from its
environment

Answer 17

Cell membrane

Question 18

• Protects the cell by acting as a barrier.
• Regulates the transport of substances in and out of
  the cell.
• Receives chemical messengers from other cell.
• Acts as a receptor
• Cell mobility, secretions, and absorptions of
  substances.

Answer 18

Functions of cell membrane

Question 19

a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

➢It is the carrier of genetic information.
➢ Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions
for the development and function of living things.

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

The main role of DNA in the cell is

Answer 21

long-term storage of information

Question 22

One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is

Answer 23

Lysosomes

Question 24

Lysosomes Are organelles that contain ___________ __________ . They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.

Answer 24

Digestive Enzymes

Question 25

- A sphere shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. ➢ Are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 25

Ribosomes

Question 26

Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes

Answer 26

protein

Question 27

Ribosomes can be found floating within the _________ or attached to the ___________ __________

Answer 27

Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 28

are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through process of cellular respiration— specifically, aerobic respiration

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

the main energy molecule used by the cell.

Answer 29

ATP

Question 30

They perform cellular respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy. This energy is then in turn used by the cell to carry out various functions.

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores and modifies proteins for specific functions and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell. they are usually near the cell nucleus and consists of a stack of flattened sacs

Answer 31

Golgi apparatus

Question 32

In ___________ cells, the Golgi apparatus is the "manufacturing and shipping center" of the cell.

Answer 32

eukaryotic

Question 33

Golgi body structure is formed with vesicle like sacs called _____________and the Golgi body function is to process proteins and sort cellular proteins for delivery inside or outside the cell.

Answer 33

cisternae

Question 34

An organ system that Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. They Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Answer 34

Integumentary System

Question 35

It produces a protective pigmentation to protect the body against excessive exposure from the sun. It helps produce the body’s supply of

Answer 35

Vitamin D/ The sunshine vitamin

Question 36

The epidermis has 4 strata

Answer 36

- Stratum Corneum - Stratum Lucidum - Stratum Granulosum - Stratum Germinativum

Question 37

outermost strata of the epidermis. It is mostly dead cells, filled with a protein substance called keratin. It is thicker on the soles of the feet than on the eyelids where there is less pressure

Answer 37

Stratum Corneum

Question 38

a translucent layer lying directly beneath the corneum. It may not even exist in thinner skin. Cells in this layer are also dead or are in the process of dying.

Answer 38

Stratum Lucidum

Question 39

one or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard. They are in the process of keratinization → becoming fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails

Answer 39

Stratum Granulosum

Question 40

A process where the cells become fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails

Answer 40

Keratinization

Question 41

composed of several layers of living cells capable of cell division. It is the innermost layer of the epidermis and contains melanin

Answer 41

Stratum Germinativum

Question 42

the pigment that gives color to the skin

Answer 42

melanin

Question 43

The more abundant the melanin → the _______ the skin color.

Answer 43

darker

Question 44

Damage to the Stratum Germinativum, such as in severe burns, requires skin grafts

Answer 44

skin grafts

Question 45

beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue. It contains the lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, and hair follicles.

Answer 45

Dermis

Question 46

The dermis is divided into two layers:

Answer 46

Papillary layer and Reticular Layer

Question 47

is arranged into microscopic structures that form ridges. These are the finger- and footprints

Answer 47

Papillary layer

Question 48

-is beneath the papillary layer; it is a white fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels

Answer 48

Reticular layer

Question 49

connected to underlying tissue by the subcutaneous tissue.

Answer 49

dermis

Question 50

is composed of adipose and connective tissue. It supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin.

Answer 50

Subcutaneous Tissue/ Hypodermis

Question 51

a threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket.

Answer 51

Hair

Question 52

s attached to the side of each follicle. It is stimulated by skin irritants, emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by contracting. This causes goose flesh or goose pimples.

Answer 52

Pilomotor Muscle

Question 53

It provides nourishment to the hair. It is one of the few living parts of the hair, and is responsible for hair growth.

Answer 53

Hair Papilla

Question 54

At the base of each hair follicle is a ____ enclosing a loop of capillaries

Answer 54

bulb

Question 55

covers the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from the elements and chemicals, and from losing moisture.

Answer 55

Transparent cuticle

Question 56

provides most of the hair’s weight. It contains melanin which provides color to the hair, stores oils, provides flexibility and elasticity, and adds shape to the hair.

Answer 56

Cortex

Question 57

a inner hollow core that runs the length of the shaft

Answer 57

Medulla

Question 58

are oil glands. They have tiny ducts that open into each hair follicle.

Answer 58

Sebaceous Glands

Question 59

Each sebaceous gland secretes _____, which lubricates the hair and skin. The amount of secretion varies with age, puberty, and pregnancy.

Answer 59

Sebum

Question 60

hard keratin structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes.

Answer 60

Fingernails and toenails

Question 61

begins several millimeters into the finger and extends to the edge of the white, crescent-shaped lunula. This is where the growth occurs approximately 1 mm. per week.

Answer 61

Nail root, Germinal matrix, or nail bed

Question 62

It fuses the nail plate and the skin of the finger together to form a waterproof barrier

Answer 62

Cuticle/Eponychium

Question 63

under the free edge of the nail. It also creates a waterproof barrier, fusing the skin of the finger to the underside of the nail plate

Answer 63

Hyponychium

Question 64

are simply those that have curled down or around and are growing into the skin. They may become swollen and inflamed.

Answer 64

Ingrown nails

Question 65

produce sweat or perspiration. As sweat collects on the skin surface, it evaporates and creates a cooling effect

Answer 65

Sweat glands

Question 66

also rids the body of waste through the pores of the skin.

Answer 66

sweat

Question 67

The average person loses approximately _____ of fluid through sweating each day.

Answer 67

1/2 liter