Prelim - Cell organelles and Integumentary system Flashcards
wo-thirds of a cell is _______ → means that two-thirds of your whole body is _______.
water
The rest is a mixture of molecules, mainly
Macromolecules like Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates
basically made of biological molecules
cell
These biomolecules are all made from
C, H & O
Proteins and nucleic acids have
N
It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of the
cell.
Nucleus
contains all the information for cells to live, perform their functions and reproduce.
DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the
Nucleolus
The contains genetic information
(DNA) on special strands called
chromosomes
The nucleus is the “_______ ________”
of the cell, for cell metabolism and reproduction.
control center
A network of membranous tubules within the
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the
nuclear membrane.
➢ It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in
protein and lipid synthesis
ER
transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to
the Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER folds the protein molecules in sacs called
Cisternae
It has a clear and gel-like appearance. consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane
of a cell. Most of the important activities of the cell occur here.
Cytoplasm
- responsible for giving a cell its
shape. - helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place.
Cytoplasm
Other names of cell membrane
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasmic membrane, and plasmalemma
a biological membrane that separates the interior of
all cells from the outside environment (the
extracellular space) which protects the cell from its
environment
Cell membrane
- Protects the cell by acting as a barrier.
- Regulates the transport of substances in and out of
the cell. - Receives chemical messengers from other cell.
- Acts as a receptor
- Cell mobility, secretions, and absorptions of
substances.
Functions of cell membrane
a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes
DNA
➢It is the carrier of genetic information.
➢ Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions
for the development and function of living things.
DNA
The main role of DNA in the cell is
long-term storage of information
One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is
Lysosomes
One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is
Lysosomes
Lysosomes Are organelles that contain ___________ __________ . They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.
Digestive Enzymes
- A sphere shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis.
➢ Are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the
membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes
protein
Ribosomes can be found floating within the _________ or attached to the ___________ __________
Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum
are organelles within
eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), through process of cellular respiration—
specifically, aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
the main energy molecule used by the cell.
ATP
They perform cellular
respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the
cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy. This
energy is then in turn used by the cell to carry out
various functions.
Mitochondria
organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores and modifies proteins for specific functions and prepares
them for transport to other parts of the cell. they are usually near the cell nucleus and consists of a stack of flattened sacs
Golgi apparatus
In ___________ cells, the Golgi apparatus is the
“manufacturing and shipping center” of the cell.
eukaryotic
Golgi body structure is formed with vesicle like sacs called _____________and the Golgi body function is
to process proteins and sort cellular proteins for
delivery inside or outside the cell.
cisternae
An organ system that Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
They Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Integumentary System
It produces a protective pigmentation to protect the body
against excessive exposure from the sun. It helps
produce the body’s supply of
Vitamin D/ The sunshine vitamin
The epidermis has 4 strata
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Germinativum
outermost strata of the epidermis. It is mostly dead cells, filled with a protein substance called keratin. It is thicker on the
soles of the feet than on the eyelids where there is less
pressure
Stratum Corneum
a translucent layer lying directly beneath the corneum. It
may not even exist in thinner skin. Cells in this layer are also dead or are in the process of dying.
Stratum Lucidum
one or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard. They are
in the process of keratinization → becoming fibrous
protein similar to that in hair and nails
Stratum Granulosum
A process where the cells become fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails
Keratinization
composed of several layers of living cells capable of cell division.
It is the innermost layer of the epidermis and contains
melanin
Stratum Germinativum
the pigment that gives color to the skin
melanin
The more abundant the melanin → the _______ the skin color.
darker
Damage to the Stratum Germinativum, such as in severe burns, requires skin grafts
skin grafts
beneath the epidermis and is
composed of connective tissue. It contains the lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels,
sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, and hair
follicles.
Dermis
The dermis is divided into two layers:
Papillary layer and Reticular Layer
is arranged into
microscopic structures that form ridges. These are
the finger- and footprints
Papillary layer
-is beneath the
papillary layer; it is a white fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels
Reticular layer
connected to underlying tissue by
the subcutaneous tissue.
dermis
is composed of adipose and
connective tissue. It supports, nourishes, insulates,
and cushions the skin.
Subcutaneous Tissue/ Hypodermis
a threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket.
Hair
s attached to the side
of each follicle. It is stimulated by skin irritants,
emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by
contracting. This causes goose flesh or goose
pimples.
Pilomotor Muscle
It provides nourishment to the hair. It is one of the few living parts of the hair, and is responsible for hair
growth.
Hair Papilla
At the base of each hair follicle is a ____ enclosing a loop of capillaries
bulb
covers the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from
the elements and chemicals, and from losing
moisture.
Transparent cuticle
provides most of the hair’s
weight. It contains melanin which provides color to
the hair, stores oils, provides flexibility and elasticity,
and adds shape to the hair.
Cortex
a inner hollow core that
runs the length of the shaft
Medulla
are oil glands. They have
tiny ducts that open into each hair follicle.
Sebaceous Glands
Each sebaceous gland secretes _____, which lubricates the hair and skin. The amount of secretion
varies with age, puberty, and pregnancy.
Sebum
hard keratin structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes.
Fingernails and toenails
begins several millimeters
into the finger and extends to the edge of the white, crescent-shaped lunula. This is where the growth
occurs approximately 1 mm. per week.
Nail root, Germinal matrix, or nail bed
It fuses the nail plate and the skin of the finger together to form a waterproof barrier
Cuticle/Eponychium
under the free edge of the nail.
It also creates a waterproof barrier, fusing the skin of
the finger to the underside of the nail plate
Hyponychium
are simply those that have
curled down or around and are growing into the skin.
They may become swollen and inflamed.
Ingrown nails
produce sweat or perspiration.
As sweat collects on the skin surface, it evaporates
and creates a cooling effect
Sweat glands
also rids the body of waste through the pores of the skin.
sweat
The average person loses approximately _____ of
fluid through sweating each day.
1/2 liter
