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CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY > PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

THE IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES

2 People

A
  1. LUCRETIUS & GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)
  2. ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
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2
Q

Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures”

A

LUCRETIUS & GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)

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3
Q

o Dutsch biologist
o First true microbiologist
o Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology

A

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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4
Q

Discovered Giardia lamblia in
his own stool

A

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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5
Q

o First to discover sperm cells
o Used the term “animalcules” or “beasties”
o Used self-made single lens microscope
with 50-300x magnification

A

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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6
Q

Cause of death: rapid contraction of the diaphragm

A

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK/Van Leeuwenhoek Disease

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7
Q

non-living forms will be living forms

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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8
Q

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

3 PEOPLE

A
  1. FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)
  2. JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)
  3. LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)
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9
Q

o Father of modern parasitology
o Founder of experimental biology
o Invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things

A

FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)

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10
Q

o British Roman Catholic
o Observe that the sealed flask with boiled
mutton broth became cloudy after
standing
o Organic matter possessed a “vital force”
that could give rise to life

A

JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)

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11
Q

Cause of death: Parkinson’s Disease

A

JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)

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12
Q

o Improved the previous experiments of
Needham by heating the broth placed in
a sealed jar and observe no growth took
place
o Concluded that microorganisms from the
air probably had entered Needham’s concoction after they were boiled
o Used aseptic technique

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)

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13
Q

Cause of death: bladder cancer

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)

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14
Q

BIOGENESIS

2 PEOPLE

A
  1. RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
  2. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
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15
Q

o Challenged the doctrine of spontaneous
generation with the concept of biogenesis.
o First to observe Trichinella spiralis

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)

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16
Q

Cause of death: Heart Failure

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)

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17
Q

o Disproved the doctrine of spontaneous
generation
o Proposed the use of heat in killing
microorganisms = “aseptic technique”
o Improved the wine-making process
through fermentation and pasteurization
o Developed vaccines for anthrax (1881)
and rabies (1885)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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18
Q

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

3 PEOPLE

A
  1. IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818-1865)
  2. JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
  3. ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
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19
Q

advocated handwashing to prevent the spread of puerperal fever

A

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818-1865)

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20
Q

used phenol to prevent surgical
wound infections

A

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

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21
Q

o First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
o Developed a culture medium for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body
o Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

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22
Q

Exception to Koch’s Postulate:

A
  1. Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease. These carriers may transmit the pathogens to others who then may become diseased.
  2. Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro in artificial media (Viruses, rickettsia, Chlamydia, M. leprae, T. pallidum)
  3. Introducing a pure culture to the experimental animal, the animal must be susceptible to that of the pathogen. Many animals are resistant to the specific pathogen and most pathogens are speciesspecific.
  4. Use of human volunteer are difficult to find and ethical considerations limit their use.
  5. Certain pathogens develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades a weekend host.
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23
Q

VACCINATION

LIST 7

A
  1. BUDDHIST MONKS
  2. VARIOLATION
  3. EDWARD JENNER (1796)
  4. LOUIS PASTEUR (1798)
  5. PAUL EHRLICH (1910)
  6. ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928)
  7. 1930s
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24
Q

drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite

A

BUDDHIST MONKS

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25
Q

practiced in 17th century China

A

VARIOLATION

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26
Q

o inoculated a person with cowpox
virus resulting to protection to small pox
o Vaccination from vacca meaning “cow”

A

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

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27
Q

discovered the 1st vaccine against smallpox

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1798)

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28
Q

developed a synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis.

A

PAUL EHRLICH (1910)

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29
Q

discovered the 1st Antibiotic (Penicillin)

A

ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928)

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30
Q

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

A
  1. PARASITOLOGY
  2. MYCOLOGY
  3. PHYCOLOGY
  4. VIROLOGY
  5. BACTERIOLOGY
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31
Q

Sulphonamides were synthesized

A

1930s

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32
Q

study of fungi, including their genetic and
biochemical properties, their taxonomy and
their use to humans as a source for tinder,
medicine, food and entheogens, as well as
their dangers, such as poisoning or infection

A

MYCOLOGY

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33
Q

o From the Greek word phykos, meaning
“seaweed”
o the scientific study of algae

A

PHYCOLOGY

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34
Q

study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them

A

PARASITOLOGY

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35
Q

o study of viruses submicroscopic parasitic
particles of genetic material contained in a
protein coat and virus-like agent
o Smallest intact infectious agents
o Intracellular reproduction only

A

VIROLOGY

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36
Q

o study of bacteria
o Unicellular
o Contains both RNA and DNA
o Multiplies by BINARY FISSION

A

BACTERIOLOGY

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37
Q
  • Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into categories
  • formal system of organizing, classifying and
    naming living things
A

TAXONOMY

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38
Q

TAXONOMY Comprises 3 distinct areas:

A

o Classification
o Nomenclature
o Identification

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39
Q

CLASSIFICATION

LIST 9

A
  1. DOMAIN
  2. KINGDOM
  3. PHYLUM
  4. CLASS
  5. ORDER
  6. FAMILY
  7. GENUS
  8. SPECIES
  9. SUBSPECIES (“subsp.”)
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40
Q

Bacteria and Archaebacteria

A

DOMAIN

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41
Q

similar families

A

ORDER

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42
Q

similar orders

A

CLASS

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43
Q

similar phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA

A

KINGDOM

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44
Q

similar classes

A

PHYLUM

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45
Q

similar genera

A

FAMILY

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46
Q

basic group or collection of bacterial strains
with common physiologic and genetic features

A

SPECIES

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47
Q

various species with common characteristics

A

GENUS

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48
Q

based on serologic differences

A

SEROTYPE/ serovarieties
(“serovar”)

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49
Q
  • species which are subdivided based on the ff. phenotypic differences
A

SUBSPECIES (“subsp.”)

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50
Q

based on biochemical differences
ex. Staphylococcus aureus

A

BIOTYPE/ biovarieties (“biovar”)

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51
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES:

A
  • No nucleus
  • Genome: single circular chromosome
  • Ribosomes: RNA + protein
    o 50S + 30S = 70S in size
  • With CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
  • Some bacteria may show SPORES
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52
Q

CELL ENVELOPE STRUCTURES:

A
  • Contains Plasma Membrane (PM)
  • Contains Cell wall and some do not
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53
Q
A
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54
Q

Various pathogenic bacteria produce CAPSULE and SLIME LAYERS

A

SURFACE POLYMERS

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55
Q
  • highly organized
  • tightly attached
  • geletinous
A

CAPSULE

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56
Q
  • unorganized
  • loosely attached
  • irregular, diffuse layer
A

SLIME LAYER

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57
Q
A
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58
Q

CELL APPENDAGES

A
  1. FLAGELLA
  2. PILI
  3. FIMBRIAE
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59
Q

organ of locomotion; exterior protein
filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be
motile

A

FLAGELLA

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60
Q

nonflagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hair-like
appendages that adhere some bacterial cells
to one another and to environmental surfaces

A

FIMBRIAE

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61
Q

o “conjugation pili”
o nonmotile, long, hollow protein tubes that
connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange

A

PILI

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62
Q

Holds the organelles

A

CELL BODY

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63
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
BASIC PARTS

A
  1. CELL BODY
  2. CAPSULE
  3. FLAGELLA
  4. PILI/FIMBRIAE
  5. ENDOSPORE
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64
Q

▪ For cell rigidity
▪ Exterior strength
▪ Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: lacks cell wal

A

Cell Membrane

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65
Q

o Sugar or amino acid residues
o Protects from WBC phagocytosis
o The only way to engulf is by opsonization
(antibody attachment to capsules)

A

CAPSULE

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66
Q

lacks cell wall

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

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67
Q

The only way to engulf is by

A

opsonization
(antibody attachment to capsules)

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68
Q

o Tail structures of protein
o Provides locomotion
o Affixed in basal body
o The basal body spins around and spins the
flagellum

A

FLAGELLA

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69
Q

FLAGELLA ARRANGEMENT TYPES:

A

▪ Peritrichous
▪ Atrichous (No Flagella)
▪ Lophotrichous
▪ Amphitrichous
▪ Monotrichous

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70
Q

Shorter than flagella

A

PILI/FIMBRIAE

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71
Q

Mediate DNA exchange via
conjugation

A

Pili/Sex Pilus

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72
Q

o Metabolically dormant forms
o Survivability in extreme conditions
o Formed by two genera:
▪ Bacillus: aerobic
▪ Clostridium: anaerobic
o Resistant to heat (boiling), cold, drying and
chemical reagents

A

ENDOSPORE

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73
Q

Adherence to the environment

A

Fimbriae

74
Q

ENDOSPORE 2 GENERA:

A

▪ Bacillus: aerobic
▪ Clostridium: anaerobic

75
Q

HOW TO KILL ENDOSPORE

A

AUTOCLAVING: 121C, 15psi,
15mins

76
Q

Stain for spore

A

Schaeffer-Fulton

77
Q

There are 3 main morphological shapes:

A
  1. COCCI (spherical)
  2. BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
  3. SPIROCHETES (spiral)
78
Q

COCCI (spherical):

A

o Coccus: singly
o Diplococci: in pairs
o Streptococci: in chains
o Staphylococcus: in clusters
o Tetrads
o Sarcina

79
Q

singly

COCCI (spherical)

A

Coccus

80
Q

in pairs

COCCI (spherical)

A

Diplococci

81
Q

in chains

COCCI (spherical)

A

Streptococci

82
Q

in clusters

COCCI (spherical)

A

Staphylococcus

83
Q

a group or set of four

COCCI (spherical)

A

tetrads

84
Q

cube-like shape

COCCI (spherical)

A

Sarcina

85
Q

BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)

A

o Coccobacilii
o Fusiform (tapered end)
o Vibrio / Comma
o Palisades (align side by side)

86
Q

very short rods or ovals

BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)

A

Coccobacilli

87
Q

tapered end

BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)

A

Fusiform

88
Q

comma-like

BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)

A

Vibrio / Comma

89
Q

align side by side

BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)

A

Palisades

90
Q

spiral-shaped

A

SPIROCHETES (spiral)

91
Q

All COCCI gram positive (+) except

A

o Neisseria
o Branhamella (Moraxella)
o Veilonella

92
Q

All BACILLI are gram negative (-) except:

A

o Bacillus
o Listeria
o Clostridium
o Corynebacterium
o Erysipelothrix
o Lactobacillus
o Mycobacterium
o Actinomadura
o Arcanobacterium
o Gordonia
o Kuthria
o Nocardia
o Rhodococcus
o Streptomyces
o Tropheryma whipplei
o Tsukamurella

93
Q
  • Genetic alterations and diversity in bacteria are accomplished by 3 basic mechanisms:
A
  1. MUTATION
  2. GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION)
  3. GENETIC EXCHANGE
94
Q
A

MUTATION

95
Q
A

GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION)

96
Q
A

GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION)

97
Q

GENETIC EXCHANGE:

A
  1. TRANSFORMATION (direct)
  2. TRANSDUCTION (infects)
  3. CONJUGATION (mating)
98
Q

uptake and incorporation of naked
(free) DNA into a bacterial cell

GENETIC EXCHANGE

A

TRANSFORMATION (direct)

99
Q

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus capable of infecting bacteria) from one cell to another

GENETIC EXCHANGE

A

TRANSDUCTION (infects)

100
Q

transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain via sex pili

GENETIC EXCHANGE

A

CONJUGATION (mating)

101
Q

The donor strain produces a sex pilus, which binds to the recipient cell and brings the two cells in close contact

GENETIC EXCHANGE

A

CONJUGATION (mating)

102
Q

Major nutritional need for growth:

A
  1. CARBON
  2. NITROGEN
  3. ENERGY
103
Q

oSource of CARBON (for making cellular constituents):

Major nutritional need for growth:

A

50%

104
Q

Source of NITROGEN (for making proteins):

Major nutritional need for growth:

A

14%

105
Q

Source of ENERGY (ATP, for performing cellular functions):

Major nutritional need for growth:

A

4% (phosphate, electrolytes)

106
Q
  • Bacteria are classified into 2 basic groups according to how they meet their nutritional needs:
A

o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs

107
Q

CARBON SOURCE:

A

Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
Heterotrophs (organotrophs)

108
Q

are able to grow simply, using carbon
dioxide as the sole source of carbon,
with only water and inorganic salts
required in addition

A

Autotrophs (lithotrophs)

109
Q

obtains energy either photosynthetically (phototrophs) or by oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemolithotrophs).

A

Autotrophs (lithotrophs)

110
Q

occur in environmental
milieus.

A

Autotrophs (lithotrophs)

111
Q

ENERGY SOURCE:

A
  • Phototrophs
  • Chemotrophs
112
Q

ELECTRON SOURCE:

A
  • Lithotrophs
  • Organotrophs
113
Q

GROWTH FACTORS:

A
  1. Prototrophics
  2. Auxotrophics
114
Q

do not require an exogenous
source of growth factor

A

Prototrophics

115
Q

require the addition of growth
factor to culture media

A

Auxotrophics

116
Q

IONIC STRENGTH:

A

Halophiles

117
Q

requiring High Salt concentrations

A

Halophiles

118
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE (3-10%):

A

Capnophiles

119
Q

requiring High CO2
concentrations (5-10%)

A

Capnophiles

120
Q

MOISTURE:

A

Humidophiles

121
Q

requiring increased moisture
content

A

Humidophiles

122
Q

grow in the presence of atmospheric/free 02)

A

AEROBE

123
Q

grow in the absence of atmospheric 02)

A

ANAEROBE

124
Q

grow ONLY in the presence of 02

A

Obligate aerobe

125
Q

fundamentally aerobe but CAN grow in the absence of 02

A

Facultative anaerobe

126
Q

grow BEST at low or reduced 02 tensions (2-10 02)

A

Microaerophiles

127
Q

grow ONLY in the absence of 02

A

Obligate anaerobe

128
Q

fundamentally anaerobe, but CAN grow in the presence of O2

A

Facultative aerobe

129
Q

do not grow well but do survive in the presence of 02

A

Aerotolerant anaerobe

130
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS:

A
  1. TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
  2. PH REQUIREMENTS
  3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS
131
Q

TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS:

A
  1. PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES
  2. MESOPHILES
  3. THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES
132
Q

“Cold-loving”

A

PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES

133
Q

PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES Can grow at

A

0 - 20 °C

134
Q

“Middle loving”

A

MESOPHILES

135
Q

MESOPHILES Best growth between

A

25 - 45 °C

136
Q

“Heat loving”

A

THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES

137
Q

THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES Optimum growth between

A

50 - 60 °C

138
Q

optimal temperature for most clinically significant bacteria is

A

35-37°C

139
Q

PH REQUIREMENTS:

A
  1. ACIDOPHILES
  2. NEUTROPHILES
  3. ALKALOPHILES
140
Q

grow best under acidic conditions

A

ACIDOPHILES

141
Q

ACIDOPHILES PH:

A

0 and 5.5

142
Q

grow best at neutral pH

A

NEUTROPHILES

143
Q

NEUTROPHILES PH:

A

5.5 and 8.0

144
Q

grow best under alkaline conditions

A

ALKALOPHILES

145
Q

ALKALOPHILES PH:

A

8.5 and 11.5

146
Q

optimal pH for most clinically significant bacteria is

A

6.5 – 7.5

147
Q

can grow and often thrive in areas of high salt (NaCl) concentration

A

HALOPHILES

148
Q

grow better at high CO2
levels and low O2 levels

A

CAPNOPHILES

149
Q

require an atmosphere enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)

A

CAPNOPHILES

150
Q

Bacteria replicates through ___________ with one cell dividing into two cells

A

BINARY FISSION

151
Q

time required for one cell to divide into two cells

A

GENERATION TIME or doubling time

152
Q

4 PHASES OF GROWTH:

A
  1. LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/ PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)
  2. LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE
  3. STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/PLATEAU PHASE
  4. . DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)
153
Q

During which bacteria are preparing to divide (very active metabolically)

A

LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)

154
Q

Adaptation to their new environment

A

LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)

155
Q

Little or no multiplication

A

LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)

156
Q

Balanced growth - maximal rates of cell division & mass increase

A

LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE

157
Q

numbers of bacteria remain constant

A

STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE

157
Q

During which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically

A

LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE

158
Q

Rate of cell production = rate of cell death

A

STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE

158
Q

nutrients become limited; growth stops; growth reaches a plateau

A

STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE

159
Q

When the number of nonviable bacterial cells
exceeds the number of viable cells

A

. DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)

160
Q

Complete cessation of multiplication occurs

A

. DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)

161
Q

o microorganism that are commonly found in
a healthy body sites of healthy persons
o for protection from potential pathogens

A

NORMAL OR INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA/ FLORA

162
Q

microorganism that colonizes a certain body site for months or years

A

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

163
Q

microorganism that are present on body site temporarily

A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

164
Q

The normal flora can be opportunistic when:

A

o There is alteration of the habitat
o The host has low immune system

165
Q

According to CAUSE:

PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION

A
  1. AUTOGENOUS INFECTION
  2. IATROGENIC INFECTION
  3. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
  4. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
165
Q

It occurs when an infection causes significant
changes in human physiology, notably those
that induce organ system damage

A

DISEASE

165
Q

It is characterized by the proliferation and
multiplication of microorganisms that cause
harm to their host

A

INFECTION

165
Q

occurs as a result of a medical
treatment or procedure

A

IATROGENIC INFECTION

165
Q

cause by microorganism from the
microbiota of the host

A

AUTOGENOUS INFECTION

166
Q

immunocompromised is affected but the healthy is not

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

166
Q

“Hospital acquired” infection

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

167
Q

According to HOST DISTRIBUTION:

PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION

A
  1. LOCAL INFECTION
  2. FOCAL INFECTION
  3. SYSTEMIC INFECTION (GENERALIZED
    INFECTION)
168
Q

signs and symptoms is on one
specific area

A

LOCAL INFECTION

168
Q

signs and symptoms are spreading

A

FOCAL INFECTION

169
Q

microbes are spreading via blood of lymph

A

SYSTEMIC INFECTION (GENERALIZED
INFECTION)

170
Q

bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

171
Q

pus producing organism
that invade in bloodstream

A

Pyemia

171
Q
  • bacteria in the blood is
    actively multiplying; can cause to
    shock
A

Septicemia

172
Q

presence of toxin in the
blood

A

Toxemia

CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY (7 decks)

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