PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY Flashcards by Chin Lys

Leeuwenhoek and others studied blood with the
aid of primitive microscope

17th century

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Birth of science of studying blood/ birth of field of
hematology arises

17th century

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Hematology is derived from the Greek words
haima meaning blood and logos meaning study or science

17th century

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As a science, it has grown enormously in the last
70 years

17th century

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His contribution to hematology is he
observed and discovered the 1st
RBC/erythrocyte

Leeuwenhoek

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Believed that the human body is made up of 4
elements: Fire, air, water & earth

Aristotle

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It is the field of science that deals with the
study of blood, blood component and
blood related disorders

Hematology

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Using a microscope: studied the plague of victims

Athanasius Kircher

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First completed the description of the circulatory
system

William Harvey

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o Described that blood or there are worms
in blood of plague patients but the plague
strikes in the summer of 1647or 1646 in
Rome

Athanasius Kircher

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the plague is known to be the

black death /bubonic plague

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Causative agent of Black death:

Yersinia pestis (gram-negative)

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BLACK DEATH VECTOR:

Rat Flea (Xenopsella cheopsis)

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BLACK DEATH CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN:

Stalactite pattern

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the cell clamps forming the
stalactite pattern

Stalactite pattern

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Yersinia pestis is the bipolar
bodies:

B – Burkholderia pseudomallei
A- Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans
Y – Yersinia pestis

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both have
a cauliflower appearance if cultured

Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Yersinia pestis

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incubation period OF Yersinia pestis:

48 hrs

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other species of Yersinia – causative agent of enterocolitis, often misdiagnosed as appendicitis because it has a charbay fever, diarrhea, and has right lower quadrant pain

Yersinia enterocolitica

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incubation period OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

4-8 months

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Can also cause fatality which is the worst case
scenario of patients that has been transfused with contaminated blood with packed RBC

Yersinia enterocolitica

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1658:

Scrutinum P.M.

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mother cell since this is where our WBC, RBC, megakaryocyte, leukocyte come from

Pluripotential stem cells

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Pluripotential stem cells- mother cell since this is where our WBC, RBC, megakaryocyte, leukocyte come from

Jan Swammerdam

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Discovered that RBCs are different from mother cells

Jan Swammerdam

that they have no nucleus and have a life span of 120 days

Marcello Malpighi

1666 – Pioneered the study of coagulation

Marcello Malpighi

1674 – first described the human erythrocyte and invented the 1st microscope

Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek

father of microanatomical and physiology

Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek

giardia lamblia in his stool

Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek

1874- first described the complete classification of leukocytes

Gabriel Andral

1846 – first described the polymorphonuclear cell (more than one nucleus) from other cells

Wharton Jones

develop precursor of gram staining

Paul Ehrlich

1891 – found that certain mixtures of acidic and basic dyes produced better staining

Paul Ehrlich

german doctorbiologist

Paul Ehrlich

found cure of syphilis in 1909 and antiserum vepteria

Paul Ehrlich

1816-1895 – established that hemoglobin carried oxygen

Karl Ludwig

1816-1895 – showed that carbon dioxide was taken from tissues and released in the lungs

E.F. Pfluger

studies hemoglobin has oxygen

E.F. Pfluger

discover respiratory

E.F. Pfluger

Discovered the structure and function of hemoglobin

Max Perutz

Discovered Helicobacter pylori and the function of platelets

Giulio Bizzozero

It is a rapid urease producer

Helicobacter pylori

describe platelets as little plaques

Giulio Bizzozero

causative agent of Peptic ulcer:

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori 2 types of diagnosis:

invasive (need to get G.I. biopsy/ stomach biopsy) non-invasive (urea breath test)

Chief Pathologist in Pathology laboratory at the Massachusetts General Hospital

James Homer Wright

He described platelets as petechiae plates or tiny plates

Giulio Bizzozero

Megakaryocyte origin of platelets

James Homer Wright

Platelets are not considered as true cell because they are only a fragment of the megakaryocyte

James Homer Wright

Modification of Romanowsky stain

1902

It is called Wright stain

Romanowsky stain

basic dye to stain nucleus because nucleus is acidic in nature

Methylene blue or Azer blue

combination of letters or words that are added in the front or back to form another word

Prefixes

will stain cytoplasm – acidic pH

Eosin dye

a-/an-

Lack, without, absent, decrease

aniso-

Unequal, dissimilar

ante-

Before

Brady-

Slow

Through

Dia-

Cell

Cyto-

Dys-

Abnormal, difficult, bad

Erythron-

Red

Hyper-

Above,beyond, extreme, increase

Ferr-

Iron

Hemo-

Pertaining to blood

Hypo-

Beneath, under, deficient, decrease

Iso-

Equal, alike,same

Leuko-

White

Mal-

Bad, abnormal

Macro-

Large, long

Meta-

After,next,change

Mega-

Large, giant

Mono-

One

Morph-

Shape

Myelo-

From bone marrow or spinal cord

Pan-

All, overall,all-inclusive

Phleb-

Vein

Piokilo

Varied,irregular

Phago-

Eat,ingest

Schis-

split

Spleen-

spleen

Throm-

Clot,thrombus

Xanth-

yellow

-blast

Primitive

-cyte

Cell

-ectomy

Excision,cut out

-emia

Blood

-itis

Inflammation

-lysis

Destruction,dissolving

-(o)logy

Study of

-oma

Swelling, tumor

-opathy

disease

-osis

State, condition, increase

-penia

Decrease, lack of

-phil (ic)

Attracted to, affinity for

-plasia

Cell production, repair

-poiesis

Cell production, formation, development

-poietin

Stimulates production

-stasis

Same, standing still

-trophy

Nourishment

Is a nutritive fluid that participates in the physiologic and pathologic activity of the body

BLOOD

Travels away from the heart to the different arteries of the body

Oxygenated blood

Increase in concentration in oxygen that will bind to oxygen forming a bright red color of blood since it binds with hemoglobin

Oxygenated blood

Appears bright red oxygen cause hemoglobin molecules turn from blue to red

Oxygenated blood

Oxygen + hemoglobin =

oxyhemoglobin (bright red color of blood)

Travels back to the heart to be resupplied with oxygen

Deoxygenated blood

Appears very dark red because so many of the hemoglobin molecules have turn blue again

Deoxygenated blood

_______ accounts for 90% of it is composed of water and 10% solutes

Plasma

are where nutrients are found such as proteins, fibrinogen, globulin, albumin, lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, enzymes

Solutes

Have a major role for a person to survive

BLOOD

FUNCTION OF BLOOD

1. Respiration 2. Nutrition 3. Excretion 4. buffer 5. protection

Blood will go through kidney then excrete waste or unwanted nutrients out of the body to be excreted as urine

excretion

also plays a role in removing waste such as ammonia

liver

Maintain normal pH

blood as buffer

Normal pH of blood:

7.35-7.45

If decrease, pH will become

acidic

If increase, pH will become

basic

# 1. needs CO2 and H20

Bicarbonate buffer system

BLOOD COMPONETS:

1. Plasma (55%) 2. Buffy coat (<1%) 3. Formed elements (45%)

Upper layer

Plasma (55%)

Liquid matrix of the anticoagulated blood wherein fibrinogen is present

Plasma (55%)

It has a higher volume compared to serum because of the clotting in the serum

Plasma (55%)

is the liquid portion of the coagulated blood

serum

_____ that are in the serum is consumed by fibrinogen during clotting

Protein

Water (90%), solutes (8%)

Plasma (55%)

Accounts for 45% of centrifuged whole blood

Formed elements (45%)

- Contains, RBC,WBC & platelets

Formed elements (45%)

<5L

Hypovolemia

If hemorrhagic: | Hypovolemia

caused by the decrease of blood cell, possible trauma/ injury/ blood loss could be the cause

Decrease volume of blood

Hypovolemia

Non-hemorrhagic: | Hypovolemia

fluid loss, excessive sweating, dehydration

increase in cardiac output

Tachycardia

Hypovolemia can results in:

Tachycardia/ Bradycardia

Small amounts of nutrients that will give to other organ

Hypovolemia

In this case, always note the cause whether hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic in origin

Hypovolemia

slow pumping of heart

Bradycardia

Strain on heart because of the weight and may possibly lead to enlargement of heart

Hypervolemia

Increase volume of blood

Hypervolemia

Hypervolemia worse case:

death (cardiac arrest)

Hypervolemia cause:

IV transfusion, blood transfusion

is the result of backflow of blood in lungs | Hypervolemia

Pulmonary edema

>7L

hypervolemia

5-7L

normovolemia

Have the mechanism to increase or decrease blood in the circulation

BLOOD VESSELS

increase and decrease in blood how they do it?

through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

It narrows the diameter of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction

thick walled, strongest, branches out to smaller arterioles (bright red)

Arteries

Increase pressure and can have hypertension

Vasoconstriction

It enlarges the diameter of blood vessels

Vasodilation

has pressure

Arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart, not as thick, muscular, elastic as arteries; have valves that allow blood flow in only one direction (dark red/ dark bluish red)

Veins

smallest, thin-walled, connect smallest arterioles with smallest venules

Capillaries