PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
Leeuwenhoek and others studied blood with the
aid of primitive microscope
17th century
Birth of science of studying blood/ birth of field of
hematology arises
17th century
Hematology is derived from the Greek words
haima meaning blood and logos meaning study or science
17th century
As a science, it has grown enormously in the last
70 years
17th century
His contribution to hematology is he
observed and discovered the 1st
RBC/erythrocyte
Leeuwenhoek
Believed that the human body is made up of 4
elements: Fire, air, water & earth
Aristotle
It is the field of science that deals with the
study of blood, blood component and
blood related disorders
Hematology
Using a microscope: studied the plague of victims
Athanasius Kircher
First completed the description of the circulatory
system
William Harvey
o Described that blood or there are worms
in blood of plague patients but the plague
strikes in the summer of 1647or 1646 in
Rome
Athanasius Kircher
the plague is known to be the
black death /bubonic plague
Causative agent of Black death:
Yersinia pestis (gram-negative)
BLACK DEATH VECTOR:
Rat Flea (Xenopsella cheopsis)
BLACK DEATH CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN:
Stalactite pattern
the cell clamps forming the
stalactite pattern
Stalactite pattern
Yersinia pestis is the bipolar
bodies:
B – Burkholderia pseudomallei
A- Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans
Y – Yersinia pestis
both have
a cauliflower appearance if cultured
Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Yersinia pestis
incubation period OF Yersinia pestis:
48 hrs
other species of Yersinia – causative agent of enterocolitis, often misdiagnosed as appendicitis because it has a charbay fever, diarrhea, and has right lower quadrant pain
Yersinia enterocolitica
incubation period OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
4-8 months
Can also cause fatality which is the worst case
scenario of patients that has been transfused with contaminated blood with packed RBC
Yersinia enterocolitica
1658:
Scrutinum P.M.
mother cell since this is where our WBC, RBC, megakaryocyte, leukocyte come from
Pluripotential stem cells
Pluripotential stem cells- mother cell since this is where our WBC, RBC, megakaryocyte, leukocyte come from
Jan Swammerdam
Discovered that RBCs are different from mother cells
Jan Swammerdam
that they have no nucleus and have a life span of 120 days
Marcello Malpighi
1666 – Pioneered the study of coagulation
Marcello Malpighi
1674 – first described the human erythrocyte and invented the 1st microscope
Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek
father of microanatomical and physiology
Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek
giardia lamblia in his stool
Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek
1874- first described the complete classification of leukocytes
Gabriel Andral
1846 – first described the polymorphonuclear cell (more than one nucleus) from other cells
Wharton Jones
develop precursor of gram staining
Paul Ehrlich
1891 – found that certain mixtures of acidic and basic dyes produced better staining
Paul Ehrlich
german doctorbiologist
Paul Ehrlich
found cure of syphilis in 1909 and antiserum vepteria
Paul Ehrlich
1816-1895 – established that hemoglobin carried
oxygen
Karl Ludwig
1816-1895 – showed that carbon dioxide was
taken from tissues and released in the lungs
E.F. Pfluger
studies hemoglobin has oxygen
E.F. Pfluger
discover respiratory
E.F. Pfluger
Discovered the structure and function of hemoglobin
Max Perutz
Discovered Helicobacter pylori and the function of platelets
Giulio Bizzozero
It is a rapid urease producer
Helicobacter pylori
describe platelets as little plaques
Giulio Bizzozero
causative agent of Peptic ulcer:
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori 2 types of diagnosis:
invasive (need to get G.I. biopsy/ stomach biopsy)
non-invasive (urea breath test)
Chief Pathologist in Pathology laboratory at the Massachusetts General Hospital
James Homer Wright
He described platelets as petechiae plates or tiny
plates
Giulio Bizzozero
Megakaryocyte origin of platelets
James Homer Wright
Platelets are not considered as true cell because they are only a fragment of the megakaryocyte
James Homer Wright
Modification of Romanowsky stain
1902
It is called Wright stain
Romanowsky stain
basic dye to stain nucleus because nucleus is acidic in nature
Methylene blue or Azer blue
combination of letters or words that are added in the front or back to form another word
Prefixes
will stain cytoplasm – acidic
pH
Eosin dye
a-/an-
Lack, without, absent, decrease
aniso-
Unequal, dissimilar
ante-
Before
Brady-
Slow
Through
Dia-
Cell
Cyto-
Dys-
Abnormal, difficult, bad
Erythron-
Red
Hyper-
Above,beyond, extreme, increase
Ferr-
Iron
Hemo-
Pertaining to blood
Hypo-
Beneath, under, deficient, decrease
Iso-
Equal, alike,same
Leuko-
White
Mal-
Bad, abnormal
Macro-
Large, long
Meta-
After,next,change
Mega-
Large, giant
Mono-
One
Morph-
Shape
Myelo-
From bone marrow or spinal cord
Pan-
All, overall,all-inclusive
Phleb-
Vein
Piokilo
Varied,irregular
Phago-
Eat,ingest
Schis-
split
Spleen-
spleen
Throm-
Clot,thrombus
Xanth-
yellow
-blast
Primitive
-cyte
Cell
-ectomy
Excision,cut out
-emia
Blood
-itis
Inflammation
-lysis
Destruction,dissolving
-(o)logy
Study of
-oma
Swelling, tumor
-opathy
disease
-osis
State, condition, increase
-penia
Decrease, lack of
-phil (ic)
Attracted to, affinity for
-plasia
Cell production, repair
-poiesis
Cell production, formation,
development
-poietin
Stimulates production
-stasis
Same, standing still
-trophy
Nourishment
Is a nutritive fluid that participates in the
physiologic and pathologic activity of the body
BLOOD
Travels away from the heart to the
different arteries of the body
Oxygenated blood
Increase in concentration in oxygen that
will bind to oxygen forming a bright red
color of blood since it binds with
hemoglobin
Oxygenated blood
Appears bright red oxygen cause
hemoglobin molecules turn from blue to
red
Oxygenated blood
Oxygen + hemoglobin =
oxyhemoglobin
(bright red color of blood)
Travels back to the heart to be
resupplied with oxygen
Deoxygenated blood
Appears very dark red because so many of
the hemoglobin molecules have turn blue
again
Deoxygenated blood
_______ accounts for 90% of it is composed of
water and 10% solutes
Plasma
are where nutrients are found
such as proteins, fibrinogen, globulin,
albumin, lipids, carbohydrates, hormones,
enzymes
Solutes
Have a major role for a person to survive
BLOOD
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
- Respiration
- Nutrition
- Excretion
- buffer
- protection
Blood will go through kidney then excrete waste or unwanted nutrients out of the body to be excreted as urine
excretion
also plays a role in removing waste such as ammonia
liver
Maintain normal pH
blood as buffer
Normal pH of blood:
7.35-7.45
If decrease, pH will become
acidic
If increase, pH will become
basic
1.
needs CO2 and H20
Bicarbonate buffer system
BLOOD COMPONETS:
- Plasma (55%)
- Buffy coat (<1%)
- Formed elements (45%)
Upper layer
Plasma (55%)
Liquid matrix of the anticoagulated blood wherein fibrinogen is present
Plasma (55%)
It has a higher volume compared to serum because of the clotting in the serum
Plasma (55%)
is the liquid portion of the coagulated blood
serum
_____ that are in the serum is consumed by fibrinogen during clotting
Protein
Water (90%), solutes (8%)
Plasma (55%)
Accounts for 45% of centrifuged whole blood
Formed elements (45%)
- Contains, RBC,WBC & platelets
Formed elements (45%)
<5L
Hypovolemia
If hemorrhagic:
Hypovolemia
caused by the decrease of blood cell, possible trauma/ injury/ blood loss could be the cause
Decrease volume of blood
Hypovolemia
Non-hemorrhagic:
Hypovolemia
fluid loss, excessive
sweating, dehydration
increase in cardiac output
Tachycardia
Hypovolemia can results in:
Tachycardia/ Bradycardia
Small amounts of nutrients that will give to other organ
Hypovolemia
In this case, always note the cause whether
hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic in origin
Hypovolemia
slow pumping of heart
Bradycardia
Strain on heart because of the weight and may
possibly lead to enlargement of heart
Hypervolemia
Increase volume of blood
Hypervolemia
Hypervolemia worse case:
death (cardiac arrest)
Hypervolemia cause:
IV transfusion, blood transfusion
is the result of backflow of
blood in lungs
Hypervolemia
Pulmonary edema
> 7L
hypervolemia
5-7L
normovolemia
Have the mechanism to increase or decrease blood in the circulation
BLOOD VESSELS
increase and decrease in blood how they do it?
through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
It narrows the diameter of blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
thick walled, strongest, branches out to smaller arterioles (bright red)
Arteries
Increase pressure and can have hypertension
Vasoconstriction
It enlarges the diameter of blood vessels
Vasodilation
has pressure
Arteries
carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries
to heart, not as thick, muscular, elastic as arteries; have valves that allow blood flow in only one direction (dark red/ dark bluish red)
Veins
smallest, thin-walled, connect
smallest arterioles with smallest venules
Capillaries
