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HEMATOLOGY > PRELIM LEC: BASIC HEMATOLOGICAL METHODS > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC: BASIC HEMATOLOGICAL METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria, viruses, blood, tissues, and/or bodily
fluids can all carry disease or hazardous
allergens which could put the lab team at risk

A

Biological Hazard

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2
Q

Could prove to be a massive risk for not only
the lab professionals working with the
materials, but anyone they come into contact
with outside of work

A

Biological Hazard

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3
Q

Can be the biggest risks of the modern research lab

A

Biological Hazard

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4
Q

Melioidosis / Vietnamese time bomb

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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5
Q

Bioterrorism agent

A

Bacillus anthracis, Burkholderia
mallei (Glanders disease)

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6
Q

CHAIN OF INFECTION

A
  1. Source
  2. Mode of Transmission
  3. Susceptible Host
  4. Infectious Agents (Diagnosis/Treatment)
  5. Portal of Exit (handwashing, control of aerosol & splatter)
  6. Portal of Entry (First aid, personal hygiene,
    handwashing)
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7
Q

Sodium hypochlorite: kills all except spore formers bacterias (1 minute)

A

5.25 - 6.15

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8
Q

1 part of Sodium hypochlorite; 9 parts of water

A

1:10

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9
Q

Treat all patients as a possible source of a blood-borne pathogen

A

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION

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10
Q

```

Wear gloves when handling blood of body
fluids that are contaminated with blood

A

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION

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11
Q

All body fluids are infectious

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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12
Q

Recommended wearing of gloves

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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13
Q

Does not recommend handwashing after gloves removal

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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14
Q

Combines UP and BSI

A

STANDARD PRECAUTION

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15
Q

Recommend wearing of gloves

A

STANDARD PRECAUTION

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16
Q

Handwashing (every after encounter a sample)

A

STANDARD PRECAUTION

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17
Q

PHASES OF COLLECTION:

A
  1. Pre-collection
  2. Collection
  3. Post – collection
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18
Q

Pre-collection

A

Proper patient preparation:
* Stress
* Exercise
* Smoking
* Meal within 2 hours
* Crying

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19
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Stress

A
  • catecholamines
  • albumin
  • cortisol
  • glucose
  • ACPH
  • prolactin
  • insulin
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20
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Exercise (SHORT TERM)

A

cortisol, adrenalin, noradrenalin, and dopamine

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21
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Smoking

A

CORTISOL
CARBON DIOXIDE TO CARBON HEMOGLOBIN

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22
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Meal within 2 hours

A

GASTRIN
INSULIN
DOPAMINE
GLUCOSE

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23
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Crying

A

WBC
OXYTOCIN

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24
Q

HORMONES INCREASE IN Exercise (LONG TERM)

A
  • INSULIN
  • TESTOSTERONE
  • GH
  • CK
  • CORTISOL
  • URIC ACID
  • AST
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25
Q

INCREASE IN CLENCHING

A

POTASSIUM
LACTATE
PHOSPHATE

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26
Q

Collection

A

Proper patient identification
Considerations:
A. Methods to use
B. Sample to use
C. Pressure during collection
D. Posture
E. Diurnal Variance
F. Hemoconcentration

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27
Q

ideal for non – ambulatory
patient

A

Supine

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28
Q

ideal for ambulatory patients

A

Sitting upright

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29
Q

Diurnal Variance EXAMPLE

A

CORTISOL

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30
Q

CAN CAUSE Hemoconcentration

A

a. Prolonged tourniquet application
b. False increase (K, RBC, Hematocrit)
c. Probing

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31
Q

Post – collection

A

Considerations:
A. Proper Patient Care
B. Proper specimen transport and handling

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32
Q

Also known as Microcollection

A

Capillary Puncture

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33
Q

COLLECTION SITES OF CAPILLARY PUNCTURE:

A

o Last phalanx of the 3rd or 4th finger
o Plantar Heel (Lateral)
o Earlobe
o Big toe of the foot

34
Q

Capillary Puncture IS IDEAL FOR:

A

a. Newborn
b. Pediatrics (<6 mos.)
c. Patients with poor vein
i. Extreme obesity
ii. Severe burns
iii. Geriatric patient

35
Q

o Mixture of venous blood, arterial blood and
tissue fluid
o Generate slightly different results

A

Capillary Blood

36
Q

Infant’s finger should not be punctured to as
to avoid serious injury to the bones

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

YES TRUE

37
Q

Capillary beds in an infant’s heel are located
between ____ the skin surface

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

0.35-1.6mm below

38
Q

Puncture depth CAPILLARY PUNCTURE:

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

<2mm

38
Q

Generally, distance of the skin surface to the
bone/cartilage in the middle finger:

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

1.5-2.4mm

39
Q

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE ADVANTAGES:

A
  • Easily accessible to the Med. Tech
  • Easy to manipulate
  • Less intimidating
  • Ideal for peripheral blood smear
  • More free flow of blood
  • Ideal when searching abnormal cells
40
Q

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE DISADVANTAGES:

A
  • Less amount of blood can be obtained
  • Blood hemolyzes easily
  • Additional and repeated tests cannot be done
41
Q

Areas to avoid:

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A
  1. Cold and cyanotic areas
  2. Inflamed and pallor areas
  3. Congested and edematous area
  4. Scarred and heavily calloused area
42
Q

Warm the area before puncturing

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

(<42 degrees Celsius for 2-5 minutes)

43
Q

Position of the puncture

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

Perpendicular

43
Q

Depth of incision

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

a. Adult:<2mm quick and firm
b. Children: not deeper than 1.6mm

44
Q

NEVER DO:

CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

A

a. Lock and Key
b. Double pricking with the same lancet

45
Q
  • A.k.a Phlebotomy
  • Process by which blood is obtained from the VEINS
A

Venipuncture

46
Q

✓ 2nd most preferred vein; the easiest vein to
palpate in obese patients

Vein Selection:

A

Cephalic Vein

46
Q

✓ Most preferred vein
✓ Stable; well anchored
✓ Less painful
✓ Biggest vein

Vein Selection:

A

Median Vein

47
Q

✓ Least preferred; not stationary; close to
brachial artery and median cutaneous nerve
branch

Vein Selection:

A

Basilic Vein

48
Q

Alternative Sites:

Vein Selection:

A

✓ Dorsal vein of the hand
✓ Veins of wrist
✓ Veins of the foot (with consent of the
physician

49
Q

Blood Donation

Vein Selection:

A

✓ Median
✓ Basilic
✓ Cephali

50
Q

For alcohol testing:

A

Benzalkonium Chloride (Zephiran)

51
Q

Sites to Avoid:

A

✓ Hematomas
✓ Burns
✓ Scars/Edema
✓ Side of which mastectomy was performed
✓ Arm receiving in intravenous infusion

52
Q

TYPES OF TOURNIQUET:

A
  • Seraket
  • Rubber
  • Velcro
53
Q

Local Immediate

Complications:

A

✓ Hemoconcentration
✓ Circulatory Failure
✓ Syncope/Faintin

54
Q

Local Delayed

Complications:

A

✓ Hematoma
✓ Thrombosis/Clot formation
✓ Thrombophlebitis

55
Q

Late General

Complications:

A

✓ Serum Hepatitis
✓ AID

56
Q

✓ Process by which blood is obtained from the Artery

A

Arterial Puncture

57
Q

Performed by a Physician/ respiratory therapist

A

Arterial Puncture

58
Q

for Blood Gas analysis

A

Arterial Puncture

59
Q

Preferred Sites:

Arterial Puncture

A

– Radial Artery
– Brachial Artery
– Femoral Artery
– Scalp Artery
– Umbilical Artery

60
Q

this test assesses whether ulnar artery can
provide enough blood supply to the radial artery during collection

Arterial Puncture

A

Allen’s Test

61
Q

Transport in an

Specimen Handling

A

Upright position

62
Q

. Separation from cellular components is within

Specimen Handling

A

30 minutes after collection

62
Q

Delivery to lab within

Specimen Handling

A

45mins. to 1 hour after
collection

63
Q

Exposure to light:
Decrease

Specimen Handling

A
  • Bilirubin
  • Carotene
  • RBC folate
  • Porphyrins
63
Q

Chilled Specimen:
– Best for

Specimen Handling

A
  • Arterial Blood Gas
  • Ammonia
  • Lactic Acid
  • Certain Coagulation test
64
Q

Warm Specimen:
– Best for

Specimen Handling

A
  • Cold Agglutinin
  • Cryofibrinogen
  • Cryoglobulin
65
Q

Procedure for blood collection of patients with IV line:

A

✓ Stop IV (nurse)
✓ Wait for 3-5 minutes
✓ Extract 5ml blood and discard
✓ Extract blood to be used for examination

66
Q

Increased analytes in prolonged standing:

A

● Calcium
● Albumin
● Cholesterol
● AIP
● mnemonics: CACA tayo

67
Q

Platelet count

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid

68
Q

Prevent platelet aggression

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid

68
Q

Most commonly used anticoagulant in
hematology

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid

69
Q

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Optimal anticoagulant concentration:

A

1.5 mg/mL of blood

70
Q

Platelet study

A

Citrate

71
Q

blue top

Citrate

A

3.2%
○ 0.109 molar (plastic)
○ 0.105 molar (glass)

72
Q

black top

Citrate

A

3.8%

73
Q

Inhibits blood clotting by binding calcium
in a soluble complex and is used for many
coagulation studies

Citrate

A

3.8% - black top

74
Q

Is an acid mucopolysaccharide that
inhibits coagulation by the inactivation
of thrombin

A

Heparin

75
Q

Choice for the osmotic fragility test

A

Heparin

75
Q

Optimal concentration:

Heparin

A

15-20 u/mL of
blood

HEMATOLOGY (7 decks)

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