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Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh > Preideu Annwn Vocabulary > Flashcards

Preideu Annwn Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.1, §8.7
Golychaf

A

I praise
(1st singular present indicative)

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2
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.1, §8.7
Wledic

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwledic’; directly precedes verb.)

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3
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.1, §8.7
Pendevic

A

Prince
(Masculine noun)

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4
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.1
Gwlat

A

Land; realm
(Feminine noun)

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5
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.1
Ri

A

King
(Masculine noun; ?collective noun)

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6
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Ry

A

Perfective relative particle, translated here as ‘who’.

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7
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Ledas

A

Extended
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘lledas’; preceded by relative particle ‘ry’.)

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8
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Pennaeth

A

Dominion
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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9
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Dros

A

Over
(Preposition)

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10
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Traeth

A

Region; area
(Masculine noun)

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11
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.2
Mundi

A

World
(Latin)

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12
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.3
Bu

A

Was
(3rd singular preterite of ‘bot’.)

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13
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.3
Kyweir

A

Prepared
(Adjective)

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14
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.3
Karchar

A

Prison
(Masculine noun)

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15
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.4
Trwy

A

According to
(Preposition)
(Literally ‘through’, but often takes on the meaning of ‘according to’, ‘because of’.)

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16
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.4
Ebostol

A

Tale; epistle
(Feminine noun)

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17
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.5
Neb … nyt

A

No-one
(Pronoun)
(NB: ‘neb’ translates as ‘someone’, but often affected by the negative in this way.

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18
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.5
Kyn noc

A

Before
(Preposition)

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19
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.5, §4.5, §5.4
Aeth

A

He went
(3rd singular preterite of ‘mynet’)

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20
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.5, §1.9
Idi

A

To it
(Compound preposition)
(NB: The feminine pronoun indicates that ‘kaer sidi’ is feminine.)

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21
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.6
Gadwyn

A

Chain
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cadwyn’; feminine noun preceded by definite article ‘y’.)

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22
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.6
Tromlas

A

Heavy and grey
(Compound adjective; trom ‘heavy’ + glas ‘grey’.)

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23
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.6
Kywirwas

A

Loyal youth
(Masculine noun)

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24
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.6
Ketwi

A

Guarding
(Verbal noun)

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25
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.7
Rac

A

Before; because of
(Preposition; conjunction)
(Meaning ambiguous. Could be either.)

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26
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.7
Preideu

A

Spoils; plunder
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
(Also carries the meaning of ‘flock, herd’.)

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27
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.7
Annwfyn

A

Otherworld
(Proper noun)

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28
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.7
Tost

A

Sadly; pitifully
(Adjective as adverb)

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29
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.7
Geni

A

Singing
(Verbal noun)
(Literally ‘to give birth, to produce’, but often has figurative meaning.)

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30
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.8
Yt

A

Until; as far as
(Conjunction)
(Meaning is unclear; it is not the preverbal particle [it precedes ‘Urawt’] so Nerys Ann Jones suggests that it is a corruption of ‘hyd’ or the rarer forms ‘bed’ or ‘fed’.)

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31
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.8
Urawt

A

Judgement Day
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘brawt’; preceded by conjunction ‘yt’.)
(NB: Based on context, it is obvious that it is not ‘brother’.)

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32
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.8
Parahawt

A

Will continue
(3rd singular present/future indicative)

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33
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.8
Yn bardwedi

A

Our poetic prayer
(3rd plural possessive pronoun + feminine noun)
(NB: The pronoun form is unconventional, but makes most sense in this context.)

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34
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.9 ff.
Lloneit

A

Full loads
(Plural masculine noun)

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35
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.9 ff.
Prytwen

A

Prydwen
(Proper noun)

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36
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.9 ff.
Aetham-ni

A

We went
(1st plural preterite + pronoun for emphasis)

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37
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.10 ff.
Nam[yn]

A

Except for
(Adverb)

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38
Q

Preideu Annwn §1.10 ff.
Ny dyrreith

A

None returned
(3rd singular preterite)

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39
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.1, §3.1
Neut

A

Affirmative preverbal particle

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40
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.1, §3.1
Wyf

A

I am
(1st singular present indicative of ‘bot’)

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41
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.1, §3.1
Glot geinmyn

A

Fame-splendid
(Double-barrelled adjective)
(Both parts are lenited from ‘clot’ and ‘keinmyn’ respectively; ‘clot’ due to predicate; ‘keinmyn’ as second half of the compound.)
(NB: Could also be translated as ‘[bestowing] splendid fame’, following Marged Haycock.)

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42
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.1, §3.1
Cerd

A

Song
(Feminine noun)

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43
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.1
Ochlywi[t]

A

Was heard
(Impersonal imperfect indicative)

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44
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.2, §3.2
Pedryvan

A

Four-cornered
(Adjective)

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45
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.2
Pedyr ychwelyt

A

Perfectly revolving
(Adjective)

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46
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.3
‘Yg

A

My
(1st singular possessive pronoun)
(NB: Note that it has been shortened from ‘vyg’.)

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47
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.3
Kynneir

A

First utterance; poem
(Masculine noun)

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48
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.3, §2.5
Peir

A

Cauldron
(Masculine noun)

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49
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.3, §8.3
Pan

A

When; how
(Conjunction)

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50
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.3
Leferit

A

It was spoken
(Impersonal preterite)
(Lenited from ‘lleferit’; preceded by conjunction ‘pan’.)

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51
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.4
Anadyl

A

Breath
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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52
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.4
Morwyn

A

Maiden
(Feminine noun)
(Grammatically singular, but translate as plural due to context.)

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53
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.4
Gochneuit

A

It was kindled
(Impersonal imperfect indicative)

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54
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.5
Neu

A

It is
(Affirmative preverbal particle, acts as copula)

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55
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.5, §6.2, §6.4
Pen

A

Head
(Masculine noun)
(Figurative for ‘the Lord’, ‘God’.)

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56
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.5, §5.2
Pwy

A

What; who
(Interrogative particle; usually the latter.)

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57
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.5, §4.2
Wryt (vynut)

A

Strength (disposition)
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwryt’ (‘Mynut’); preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun ‘y’.)
(NB: The copy used for class had ‘wryt’, while other MS copies have ‘vynut’.)
(NB: In §4.2, it is spelled ‘wrhyt’.)

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58
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.6
Gwrym

A

Dark-coloured
(Adjective)
(Meaning unclear. Haycock suggests amending to ‘gwrm’.)

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59
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.6
Oror

A

Border
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘goror’; feminine noun preceded by definite article ‘y’.)

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60
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.6
a mererit

A

With pearls
(Relative particle + Plural noun)

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61
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.7
Beirw

A

Boil
(3rd singular present participle)

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62
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.7
Bwyt llwfyr

A

Coward’s food
(Masculine nouns)
(Understand as a genitive construction, instead of object-subject word order.)

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63
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.7
Ny

A

Negative relative particle
(NB: Does not always have a direct translation; it depends on context. Sometimes, as here, it is ‘nor’.)

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64
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.7
Tyghit

A

It is destined [to do so]
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
(NB: Add the bit in square brackets so that the sentence makes sense.)

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65
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.8
Cledyf

A

Sword
(Masculine noun)

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66
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.8
Lluch

A

Flashing
(Adjective)

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67
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.8
Lleawc

A

Lleog
(Proper noun)

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68
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.8
Idaw

A

Into it
(Compound preposition)

69
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.8
Rydyrchit

A

Was thrust
(Preverbal particle ‘ry’ + impersonal imperfect indicative)
(Lenited from ‘tyrchit’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘ry’.)

70
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.9
Llaw

A

Hand
(Feminine noun)

71
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.9
Leminawc

A

Lleminog
(Proper noun)
(Lenited from ‘Lleminawc’; preceded by feminine noun in copula construction.)

72
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.9
Yd edewit

A

It was left behind
(Copula + Impersonal imperfect indicative)

73
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.10
Drws

A

Door
(Masculine noun)

74
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.10
Porth

A

Gate
(Masculine noun)

75
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.10
Uffern

A

Hell
(Feminine noun)
(NB: Hell has been conflated with Annwfn here; interesting connotations.)

76
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.10
Llugyrn

A

Torches
(Plural masculine noun)

77
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.10
Lloscit

A

Burned
(Impersonal imperfect indicative)
(NB: Should be lenited, but isn’t. To accommodate for this, possibly put a comma after ‘llygyrn’ so that this can be translated as ‘torches, they were burned.’)

78
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.11, §5.7
Phan

A

When
(Conjunction)
(Spirant mutation from ‘pan’; preceded by ‘a’, ‘and’.)

79
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.11
Trafferth

A

Trouble
(Feminine noun)

80
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.11
Lethrit

A

Famous; renowned
(Adjective)
(Lenited from ‘llethrit’; preceded by feminine noun.)

81
Q

Preideu Annwn §2.12
Vedwit

A

Mead-feast
(Compound noun; med ‘feast’ + gwit ‘feast’, ‘liquid’.)
(Lenited from ‘medwit’; preceded by feminine noun ‘caer’.)

82
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.1
Glywan[no]r

A

Are heard
(3rd plural passive)
(Lenited from ‘clywannor’; preceded by feminine noun ‘kerd’.)
(NB: Because the verb is plural, the preceding ‘kerd’ must also be plural.)

83
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.2
Ynys

A

Island
(Feminine noun)

84
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.2
Pybyrdor

A

Stout defence
(Compound noun; pybyr ‘stout’ + dor ‘defence’.)

85
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.3
Echwyd

A

Fresh water
(Masculine noun)

86
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.3
Muchyd

A

Jet
(Masculine and feminine noun)

87
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.3
Kymyscetor

A

They are mixed
(Impersonal present indicative)

88
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.4
Gwin

A

Wine
(Masculine noun)

89
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.4
Gloyw

A

Sparkling
(Adjective)

90
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.4
Gwirawt

A

Liquor
(Masculine and feminine noun)

91
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.4
Go[s]gor[]

A

Retinue
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: MS has ‘gorgord’.)

92
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.5, §7.3
Vor

A

Sea
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘mor’; preceded by preposition ‘ar’.)

93
Q

Preideu Annwn §3.6
Rigor

A

Numbness
(Meaning uncertain. Haycock speculates that it is from the Latin.)

94
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.1, §5.1, §6.1
Ny obrynaf-i

A

I do not value
(1st singular present indicative)
(NB: The literal meaning of obrynaf is ‘to be worthy’, ‘to deserve’; the meaning needs to be stretched to ‘to value’ in this sense.)

95
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.1, §5.1, §6.1
Lawyr

A

Insignificant men
(Meaning unclear. Possibly a compound; llaw ‘small, low’ + gwyr ‘men’.)
(Lenited from ‘llawyr’; ?preceded by pronoun ‘i’.)

96
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.1
Llen

A

Writing; scripture
(Feminine noun)
(NB: Preceding this you need to supply ‘[concerned with]’ otherwise the sentence doesn’t make sense.

97
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.1
Llywyadur

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)
(NB: Should be lenited if ‘llen’ is feminine, but it is not.)

98
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.2
Tra

A

Beyond
(Preposition)

99
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.2
Chaer Wydyr

A

Glass fort
(Feminine noun + masculine noun)
(Spirant mutation from ‘caer’; preceded by preposition ‘tra’. Lenited from ‘gwydyr’; preceded by feminine noun in copula.)

100
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.2
Ny welsynt

A

Have not seen
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)

101
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.3
Tri vgeint canhwr

A

Six thousand men
(Literally ‘three twenty hundred men’.)

102
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.3
Seui

A

Stood
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

103
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.3
Mur

A

Rampart; wall
(Masculine noun)

104
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.4
Oed

A

It was
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

105
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.4
Anhawd

A

Difficult
(Adjective)

106
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.4
Ymadrawd

A

To speak
(Verbal noun)

107
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.4
A’e gwylyadur

A

With their watchman
(Conjunction + 3rd plural possessive pronoun + masculine noun)

108
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.5
Gan

A

With
(Conjunction)

109
Q

Preideu Annwn §4.6
Golud

A

Impediment
(Masculine noun)

110
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.1, §6.1
Llaes

A

Trailing
(Adjective)

111
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.1
Kylchwy

A

Garments
(Masculine noun)
(Cf. Clad Abercuawg 8b: ‘neur laesswys vyg kylchwy’.)

112
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.2, §5.5, §6.2, §8.3
Ny wdant

A

Who do not know
(3rd plural present indicative)

113
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.2 ff.
Py

A

What
(Interrogative particle)

114
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.2, §6.2
Peridyd

A

Created
(Unclear verbal form)

115
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.3, §6.3
Ymeindyd

A

The middle of the day
(Definite article + masculine noun)

116
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.3
Ganet

A

Was born
(Impersonal preterite)

117
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.4
Gwnaeth

A

Made
(3rd singular preterite of ‘gwneuthur’)

118
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.4
Ar

A

The one who
(Demonstrative relative pronoun)

119
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.4
Doleu

A

Meadows
(Plural feminine noun)

120
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.4
Defwy

A

Defwy
(Proper noun)

121
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.5
Ych Brych

A

Speckled ox
(Masculine noun + adjective)

122
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.5
Bras

A

Thick
(Adjective)

123
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.5
Penrwy

A

Halter
(Noun)
(Literally ‘ox-collar’)

124
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.6
Vgein

A

Score; twenty
(Numeral)

125
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.6
Kygwng

A

Links
(Masculine noun)
(NB: Grammatically singular, but becomes plural as preceded by a numeral.)

126
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.6
Aerwy

A

Chain
(Masculine noun)

127
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.7, §6.5
Auyrdwl

A

Wretched; woeful
(Adjective)

128
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.7
Gofwy

A

Journey; visit
(Masculine noun)
(NB: This should be lenited because the adjective precedes it. However, if it is understood as a copula, then this trouble is avoided.)

129
Q

Preideu Annwn §5.8
Vandwy

A

Manddwy
(Proper noun)
(Lenited from ‘Mandwy’; preceded by feminine noun.)

130
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.1
Gohen

A

Resolve; will
(Masculine noun)

131
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.3
Perchen

A

Owner
(Masculine noun)
(Figuratively ‘God’, ‘the Lord’.)

132
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.4
Vil

A

Animal
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘mil’; preceded by interrogative particle ‘py’.)

133
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.4
Gatwant

A

They guard
(3rd plural present indicative)

134
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.4
Aryant

A

Silver
(Adjective)

135
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.5
Gynhen

A

Battle; strife
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cynhen’; preceded by adjective ‘afyrdwl’.)
(NB: This translation is not a copula like in the preceding stanza, as indicated by the lenition.)

136
Q

Preideu Annwn §6.6
Ochren

A

Angular
(Adjective)

137
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.1, §8.1
Myneich

A

Monks
(Plural masculine noun)

138
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.1, §8.1
Dychnut

A

Crowd together
(3rd singular present indicative)
(NB: Strange word, with seemingly no preverbal particle; however, in old Welsh, the prefix ‘dy-‘ could act as a preverbal particle.)

139
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.1, §8.1
Val

A

Like
(Conjunction)

140
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.1
Cunin

A

Dogs; whelps
(Collective noun)

141
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.1
Cor

A

Pack
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(In a reverse genitive such as this, the second element ‘cor’ should be lenited. It is not spelled, although it may have been pronounced.)

142
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.2, §8.2
Gyfranc

A

Clash
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘Kyfranc’; preceded by conjunction ‘o’, ‘because of’.)
(NB: while it usually means ‘story’ or ‘tale’, it can also carry the meaning of ‘conflict’, ‘clash’.)

143
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.2, §8.2
Udyd

A

Lords
(Plural masculine noun)
(NB: Meaning unclear. Might be a rare plural form of ud, ‘lord’. Taken by Haycock to mean ‘masters of learning’ rather than political or clerical lords.)

144
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.2, §8.2
Ae gwidanhor

A

Who know it
(3rd plural present indicative [old form])
(NB: ‘ae’ could be either the 3rd singular infixed pronoun, or just the old Welsh relative, spelled ‘a’ in middle Welsh. Depending on how you understand this, add or leave off the ‘it’ onto the end.)

145
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.3 ff.
Vn

A

Single; one
(Numeral)

146
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.3, §8.4
Hynt

A

Course
(Feminine noun)

147
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.3, §8.4
Gwynt

A

Wind
(Masculine noun)
(Should this be lenited? Perhaps it wasn’t spelled.)

148
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.3
Dwfyr

A

Water
(Masculine noun)

149
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.4
Vfel

A

Spark
(Masculine noun)

150
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.4
Tan

A

Fire
(Masculine noun)

151
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.4
Twrwf

A

Tumult
(Masculine noun)

152
Q

Preideu Annwn §7.4
Diachor

A

Unstoppable
(Adjective)

153
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.1
Bleidawr

A

Wolves
(Plural masculine noun)

154
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.3
Yscar

A

Divide
(3rd singular present indicative)

155
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.3
Deweint

A

Darkness
(Masculine noun)

156
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.3
Gwawr

A

Dawn
(Masculine and feminine noun)

157
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.4
Neu

A

Nor
(Negative relative particle)

158
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.4
Rynnawd

A

Assault; attack
(Masculine and feminine noun)

159
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.5
Va

A

Place
(Singular nominal)
(Lenited from ‘ma’; preceded by interrogative particle ‘py’.)

160
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.5
Diua

A

Devastates
(3rd singular present indicative)

161
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.5
Tir

A

Land
(Masculine noun)

162
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.5
Plawd

A

Strikes
(3rd singular present indicative)

163
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.6
Bet

A

How many
(Interrogative particle)
(Lenited from ‘pet’; sometimes question words lenite even though nothing precedes it.)

164
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.6
Sant

A

Saints
(Grammatically singular noun, but refers to plural.)

165
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.6
Diuant

A

Eternity; disappearance
(Masculine noun)
(Not ‘death’, but referring to the afterlife/otherworld.)

166
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.6
Allawr

A

Altars
(Plural feminine noun)

167
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.8
Na bwyf

A

I may not be
(1st singular present subjunctive)
(NB: Here, the use of ‘na’, the subordinate negative particle, is odd as the line seems to be a main clause. It is possible to amend the beginning of the line by adding ‘so that’ to turn it into a subordinate clause, however.)

168
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.8
Trist

A

Sad; downhearted
(Adjective)

169
Q

Preideu Annwn §8.8
Gwadawl

A

Will reward
(3rd singular present/future indicative)

Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh (11 decks)

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