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Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh > Gweith Argoet Llwyfein Vocabulary > Flashcards

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
E

A

Old spelling of definite article ‘y’. Either omitted or translated as ‘on’.

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2
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Duw Sadwrn

A

Saturday
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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3
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Kat

A

Battle
(Feminine noun)

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4
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Vawr

A

Great
(Adjective)
(Lenited from ‘mawr’; preceded by feminine noun)

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5
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Vu

A

Was
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘bu’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’.)

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6
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
O’r pan … hyt pan

A

From the time that … until the time that
(NB: Could also translate as ‘from when … until when’.)

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7
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
Dwyre

A

Rises
(3rd singular present indicative)

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8
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
Gynnu

A

Sets
(Verbal noun; possibly translate as 3rd singular present indicative, matching ‘dwyre’.)
(Lenited from ‘cynnu’; preceded by conjunction ‘pan’.)

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9
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Dygrysswys

A

Assaulted
(3rd singular preterite)

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10
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Flamdwyn

A

Fflamddwyn
(Proper name)

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11
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Petwar llu

A

Four armies
(Numeral + Masculine noun)
(NB: ‘Llu’ is grammatically singular, but treated as plural due to the numeral.)
(NB: ‘Llu’ is probably lenited due to the reverse copula, but it isn’t frequently spelled in old Welsh.)

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12
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Godeu

A

Goddau
(Proper noun)
(NB: Possibly also ‘trees’?)

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13
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Reget

A

Rheged
(Proper noun)

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14
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Ymdullu

A

Prepared for battle
(Verbal noun)
(Other MSs read ‘ymdullyaw’, and this 3rd singular preterite makes more sense.)

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15
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 5
Dyuwy

A

Summoned
(?3rd singular preterite)
(Meaning unclear. Could be a misreading of dyfyn, ‘to summon, to call’. Could also be a place name attested elsewhere. Could also be dyuwy, ‘commotion, tumult’.)

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16
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 2, 5
Hyt

A

Until; to; as far as
(Preposition)

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17
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 5
Arvynyd

A

Arfynydd
(Proper noun)

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18
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Ny cheffynt

A

They will not have
(3rd plural present/future indicative)

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19
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Eiryos

A

Delay
(Verbal noun)

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20
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Hyt yr vn dyd

A

For one day
(Literally ‘for the length of one day’.)

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21
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 7, 13
Atorelwis

A

Cried out
(3rd singular preterite)

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22
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 7
Trebystawt

A

Boasting; pomp; swagger
(Verbal noun; masculine noun)
(NB: The preceding ‘vawr’ is lenited, which means this could be understood as an epithet for Fflamddwyn; or, as copula: ‘Fflamddwyn, of great boasting.’)

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23
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8
A dodynt

A

Have they come
(Interrogative particle + 3rd plural imperfect indicative/subjunctive)
(Meaning unclear. Could be a form of dodi, ‘to put’; Ifor Williams suggests the 1st singular present indicative form. Could also be a form of doethynt, ‘they have come’.)

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24
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8, 12
Yg gwystlon

A

My hostages
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: A legal term; ‘a man given as hostage to another country.’)

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25
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8
A ynt

A

Are they
(Interrogative particle + 3rd plural present indicative of ‘bot’.)

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26
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 8, 10
Parawt

A

Ready; prepared
(3rd plural imperfect indicative/subjunctive)

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27
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9
Ys

A

Him
(3rd singular infixed pronoun)
(NB: Probably not the copula. Instead, equivalent to ‘as’. You could drop the ‘s’ so it is treated as a preverbal particle.)

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28
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9
Attebwys

A

Answered
(3rd singular preterite)

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29
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9
Dwyrein fossawt

A

Rising for battle; scourge of the East
(Translation depends on whether you take it as a compound phrase or a copula.)

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30
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 10
Nyt dodynt

A

They will not give them
(3rd plural present/future indicative of ‘dodi’. Not, as earlier in the poem, a misreading of ‘doethynt’.)

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31
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 10
Nyt ydynt

A

They will not be
(3rd plural present/future indicative of ‘bot’, with added ‘yd-‘ prefix.)

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32
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11
Cheneu

A

Cub
(Masculine noun)
(Spirant mutation from ‘ceneu’; preceded by a, ‘and’.)

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33
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11
Bydei

A

Would have been
(3rd singular imperfect subjunctive of ‘bot’)

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34
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11
Kymwyawc

A

Agitated
(Adjective)

35
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12
Lew

A

Lion
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘llew’; adjective precedes noun.)

36
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12
Kyn

A

Before
(Preposition)
(NB: Time, not position. The latter is ‘rac’.)

37
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12
Talei

A

He may have paid
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

38
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12
Nebawt

A

Anyone
(Pronoun)

39
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 13
Vd

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)

40
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 13
yr Echwyd

A

Erechwydd
(Proper noun)
(Meaning unclear.)

41
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14
O

A

If
(Interrogative particle)

42
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14
Byd

A

Is
(3rd singular consuetudinal present of ‘bot’)

43
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14
Ymgyfaruot

A

Meeting
(Reflexive prefix + Masculine and feminine noun)

44
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14
Am

A

For (the purpose of)
(Preposition)
(Lit. ‘around’)

45
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14
Gerenhyd

A

Alliance
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cerenhyd’; preceded by preposition ‘am’.)
(NB: Literally translated as ‘relationship, kinship, friendship, reconciliation, etc.’)

46
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15, 17
Dyrchafwn

A

Let our … raise
(1st plural imperative)

47
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15
Eidoed

A

Defences
(Meaning unclear. Williams suggests that it means some sort of defensive structure built of wood.)

48
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 15, 16, 17
Oduch

A

Above
(Preposition)

49
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15
Mynyd

A

Mountain
(Masculine noun)

50
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16
Am porthwn

A

Let us support
(1st plurak imperative)
(Read as ‘ymborthwn’)

51
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16
Wyneb

A

Face[s]
(Masculine noun)
(?Lenited from ‘gwyneb’; preceded directly by verb.)
(Singular, but read as plural.)

52
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16
Emyl

A

Edge
(Masculine and feminine noun)

53
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 17
Peleidyr

A

Spears
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)

54
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 17
Pen gwyr

A

Men’s heads
or; our heads, men!
(Either read ‘gwyr’ as genitive or vocative.)

55
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 18
Cyrchwn

A

Let us charge
(1st plural imperative)

56
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 18
Luyd

A

Host
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘lluyd’; preceded by masculine 3rd singular possessive pronoun ‘y’.)

57
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19
Lladwn

A

Let us kill
(1st plural imperative)

58
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19
Ac … ae

A

Both … and his
(Conjunction)

59
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19
Gyweithyd

A

Company
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘kyweithyd’; preceded by 3rd singular infixed pronoun.)

60
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20
Rac

A

Before; because of
(Preposition; conjunction)
(Could be both in this context.)

61
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20
Gweith

A

Battle
(Masculine noun)

62
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20
Argoet Llwyfein

A

Argoed Llwyfain
(Proper noun)

63
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 21
Bu llawer kelein

A

There were many a corpse
(3rd singular preterite of ‘bot’ + numeral + feminine noun)
(NB: The singular verb is used because the numeral ‘llawer’ allows everything else to be singular, if plural in translation.)

64
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22
Rudei

A

Were crimsoned
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
(NB: ‘Vrein’ is plural so adapt the verb accordingly.)

65
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22
Vrein

A

Crows
(Plural masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘brein’; preceded directly by verb.)

66
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22
Ryfel gwyr

A

Warriors
(Masculine noun)
(NB: Treat as one word ‘ryfelwyr’; the ‘g’ is an example of internal lenition which was spelled in old Welsh.)

67
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23
Gwerin

A

Host
(Masculine and feminine noun)

68
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23
Grysswys

A

Charged
(3rd singular preterite)

69
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23
Einewyd

A

Chief
(Masculine noun)

70
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24
Armaf

A

I prepare
(1st singular present indicative)
(NB: Read as ‘armaaf’.)

71
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24
Y Blwydyn

A

For a year
(Preposition + Feminine noun)

72
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24
Nat

A

Song
(Masculine and feminine noun)

73
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24
Wy

A

To their progress
(NB: ‘Wy’ combines the preposition ‘i’ with the pronoun ‘eu’.)

74
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24
Kynnyd

A

Progress
(Masculine noun)
(Lit. ‘to try to win, to win land’)

75
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25
Yny

A

Until
(Preposition)

76
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25
Vallwyf

A

I may die
(1st singular present subjunctive)
(Lenited from ‘mallwyf’; preceded by preposition ‘yny’.)

77
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25
Hen

A

Old
(Adjective)

78
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26
Dygyn

A

Serious; severe; grevious
(Adjective)
(Qualifies ‘aghen’ rather than ‘agheu’

79
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26
Agheu

A

Death
(Masculine and feminine noun)

80
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26
Aghen

A

Need; want
(Masculine and feminine noun)

81
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 27
Ny bydif

A

I shall not be
(1st singular present/future consuetudinal)

82
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 27
Dyrwen

A

Bliss
(Masculine noun)

83
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 28
Na molwyf

A

If I do not praise
(1st singular present subjunctive)
(NB: The ‘if’ is implied by the subjunctive mood.)

Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh (11 decks)

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