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Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh > Canu Heledd Vocabulary > Flashcards

Canu Heledd Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Canu Heledd §1.1
Sefwch

A

Stand
(2nd plural imperative)

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2
Q

Canu Heledd §1.1
Allann

A

Outside
(Preposition)

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3
Q

Canu Heledd §1.1
Vorynnyon

A

Maidens
(Plural feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘morynnyon’; noun used adverbially)

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4
Q

Canu Heledd §1.1
Syllwch

A

Observe
(2nd plural imperative)

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5
Q

Canu Heledd §1.2
Werydre

A

Land
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gweredre’; inverse copula)

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6
Q

Canu Heledd §1.3
Llys

A

Court
(Feminine noun)

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7
Q

Canu Heledd §1.3, §40.1 ff.
Benngwern

A

Pengwern
(Proper noun)
(Lenited from ‘Penngwern’; preceded by feminine noun)

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8
Q

Canu Heledd §1.3, §22.1
Neut

A

(Affirmative particle; functions like ‘a’)

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9
Q

Canu Heledd §1.3
Tande

A

Blazing; a blaze
(Adjective; masculine noun)

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10
Q

Canu Heledd §1.4
Gwae

A

Woe
(Interjection; exclamatory particle)

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11
Q

Canu Heledd §1.4
Ieueinc

A

Young
(Adjective functioning as noun)

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12
Q

Canu Heledd §1.4
Eidun

A

Long for
(3rd singular present indicative)

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13
Q

Canu Heledd §1.4
Brotre

A

?Hair
(Noun; Uncertain meaning. Rowland suggests either hair, meaning a longing for youth to have beards, signifying maturity; or, suggests cloak, consistent with the fact that Pengwern’s court has been burned, depriving them of the most basic equipment.)

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14
Q

Canu Heledd §2.1, §16.3
Prenn

A

Tree
(Masculine noun)

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15
Q

Canu Heledd §2.1
Ygwydvit

A

In the forest
(Feminine noun)
(Compounded with preposition ‘yn’; Nasal mutation from ‘gwyddfid’ absorbed by particle)

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16
Q

Canu Heledd §2.1
Gouit

A

Battle; grief
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The preceding particle ‘a’ likely means ‘with’)

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17
Q

Canu Heledd §2.1
Arnaw

A

On it
(Compound preposition)

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18
Q

Canu Heledd §2.2
Dieinc

A

Escapes
(3rd singular present indicative)

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19
Q

Canu Heledd §2.2
Ys

A

It is
(Copula)

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20
Q

Canu Heledd §2.2
Odit

A

A rare thing; an exceptional thing
(Masculine noun)

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21
Q

Canu Heledd §2.3
Vynno

A

May desire
(3rd singular present/future subjunctive)
(Lenited from ‘mynno’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’)

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22
Q

Canu Heledd §2.3
Derffit

A

Let … come to pass
(3rd singular imperative)

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23
Q

Canu Heledd §3.1
Callon

A

Heart; spirit; emotion
(Feminine noun)

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24
Q

Canu Heledd §3.1
Iaen

A

Ice
(Feminine noun)

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25
Q

Canu Heledd §3.1
Gaeaf

A

Winter
(Masculine noun)

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26
Q

Canu Heledd §3.2
Want

A

Pierced
(?3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘gwant’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’)

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27
Q

Canu Heledd §3.2, §10.3
Twrch

A

Boar
(Masculine noun)

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28
Q

Canu Heledd §3.3
Trwy

A

Through
(Preposition)

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29
Q

Canu Heledd §3.2
Benn

A

Head
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘penn’; preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun ‘y’)

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30
Q

Canu Heledd §3.3
Cu

A

Dearly
(A substantive article that emphasises the importance of the action. Not easily translated into English.)

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31
Q

Canu Heledd §3.3
Rodeist

A

You gave
(2nd singular preterite)

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32
Q

Canu Heledd §3.3, §11.3
Cwrwf

A

Ale
(Masculine Noun)

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33
Q

Canu Heledd §4.1
Godeith

A

Heath-fire
(Feminine noun)

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34
Q

Canu Heledd §4.1
Wannwyn

A

Spring
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘Gwannwyn’; preceded by feminine noun in copula)

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35
Q

Canu Heledd §4.2, §32.2, §57.3
O

A

Because of
(Conjunction)

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36
Q

Canu Heledd §4.2
Gyflwyn

A

Gift
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cyflwyn’; preceded by conjunction ‘o’)

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37
Q

Canu Heledd §4.2
Anghyuyeith

A

Enemies
(Collective masculine noun)
(Literally ‘not of the same language’, figuratively ‘foreigner’ and thus ‘enemy’.)

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38
Q

Canu Heledd §4.3
Amwyn

A

Defending
(Verbal noun)
(NB: Preceded by the predicative particle ‘yn’, indicating this is the subordinate clause of the sentence.)

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39
Q

Canu Heledd §4.3 ff.
Tref

A

Township
(NB: Remember, in modern Welsh this is ‘town’ specifically; however, in middle Welsh it means a broader space– thus ‘township’ is a good translation.)

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40
Q

Canu Heledd §4.3, §63.2
Diffeith

A

Wasted; desolate; laid to waste; wicked
(Adjective)
(Based on context; usually ‘desolate’ if describing a place, ‘wicked’ if describing a person.)

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41
Q

Canu Heledd §5.1
Befyrbost

A

Fair supporter
(Lenited from ‘Pefyrbost’; the copula particle is omitted and so it is lenited to compensate.)

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42
Q

Canu Heledd §5.1
Kywlat

A

Borderland
(Masculine noun)

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43
Q

Canu Heledd §5.2, §6.2
Kadwynawc

A

Mail-clad
(Adjective; note the ‘-awc’ ending)

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44
Q

Canu Heledd §5.2
Kildynnyawc

A

Stubborn
(Adjective; note the ‘-awc’ ending)

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45
Q

Canu Heledd §5.3 ff.
Cat

A

Battle
(Masculine noun)
(Note the variation of the translation, however: it can be both ‘battle’ or ‘host’, and is often used interchangably.)

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46
Q

Canu Heledd §5.3, §6.3
Amucsei

A

Fought for
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

(NB: Possibly 3rd singular pluperfect indicative? Thus ‘had fought for’)

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47
Q

Canu Heledd §6
Beuyrbwyll

A

Fine sense
(Lenited from ‘Peuyrbwyll’; due to copula. Note that the second member of the compound, ‘pwyll’, is lenited also.)

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48
Q

Canu Heledd §6.1
Ovri

A

Honorable
(Adjective)

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49
Q

Canu Heledd §6.2, §8.3
Kynndynnawc

A

Unyielding
(Adjective)

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50
Q

Canu Heledd §6.2, §17.3, §64.2
Llu

A

(Member of the) host
(Masculine noun)
(In §64.2, we would expect ‘llu’ to be lenited as it follows the adjective, however ‘ll’ does not lenite in these circumstances.)

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51
Q

Canu Heledd §6.3, §11.1
Hyt tra

A

As long as
(Conjunction)

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52
Q

Canu Heledd §6.3
Hyt tra vu

A

As long as he lived
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘bu’; preceded by conjunction ‘hyt tra’.)
(Literally ‘as long as he was’, but works better with the added word.)

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53
Q

Canu Heledd §7.1
Milgi

A

Hound
(Masculine noun)

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54
Q

Canu Heledd §7.2, §64.2
Pan

A

When
(Note; that this will always begin an adverbial phrase.)

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55
Q

Canu Heledd §7.2
Disgynnei

A

He descended
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

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56
Q

Canu Heledd §7.2
Kymelri

A

Tumult
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: It has been nasally mutated, but the mutation is not written, having been absorbed by the preceding particle.)
(Note also that this word is joined in a copula with the ‘cat’ that begins the following line.)

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57
Q

Canu Heledd §7.3
Calaned a ledi

A

He struck dead
(Plural noun; 3rd singular imperfect indicative)
(Literally: ‘he killed corpses’)

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58
Q

Canu Heledd §8.1
Hebawc

A

Hawk
(Masculine noun)

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59
Q

Canu Heledd §8.2
Buteir ennwir

A

A bird of prey
(Unclear. ‘Buteir’ may be related to the ‘bydeir’ in 54b, possibly a bird of prey; ‘ennwir’ might be a positive adjective, ‘an’ (intensifier) + (SM) ‘gwir’ (true).

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60
Q

Canu Heledd §8.2
Gynndeiryawc

A

Very true and fierce
(Compound adjective)

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61
Q

Canu Heledd §8.3
Keneu

A

Whelp
(Masculine or feminine noun)

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62
Q

Canu Heledd §8.3
Kyndrwyn

A

Cyndrwyn
(Proper noun)
(Cynddylan’s father)

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63
Q

Canu Heledd §9.1
Gwythhwch

A

Wild boar
(Masculine noun)

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64
Q

Canu Heledd §9.2
Disgynnei

A

He descended
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

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65
Q

Canu Heledd §9.2
Priffwch

A

?Attack
(Masculine noun)
(Meaning unclear; following Rowland’s scan of the term as ‘attack’.)

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66
Q

Canu Heledd §9.3
Deudrwch

A

Two layers
(Masculine noun)

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67
Q

Canu Heledd §10.1
Gulhwch

A

Boar
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘Culhwch’; unsure why– check with Ben.)
(Note the implications of comparing Cynddylan to Culhwch, the legendary Arthurian hero.)

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68
Q

Canu Heledd §10.1
Gynnifiat

A

Warrior
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘Cynnifiat’; reverse copula)

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69
Q

Canu Heledd §10.1
Llew

A

Lion
(Masculine noun)

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70
Q

Canu Heledd §10.2
Bleid

A

Wolf
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)

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71
Q

Canu Heledd §10.2
Dilin

A

Pursuing
(Verbal noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)

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72
Q

Canu Heledd §10.2
Disgynnyat

A

Attacker
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)

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73
Q

Canu Heledd §10.3
Atuer

A

Return
(Verbal noun; contextually, however, it makes more sense for it to be 3rd singular present/future indicative.)

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74
Q

Canu Heledd §11.1
Attat

A

It was allowed
(Literally, a form of the preposition ‘at’, which can mean ‘in accordance with’.)

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75
Q

Canu Heledd §11.1
Adei

A

Went
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests that it is a MS misspelling of ‘aei’, the 3rd person singular imperfect form of ‘mynd’.)

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76
Q

Canu Heledd §11.2, §17.1, §57.1 ff.
Mor

A

So; how
(Exclamatory/interrogative particle)
(NB: Watch the context; it is not ‘sea’ here.)

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77
Q

Canu Heledd §11.2
Wylat

A

Joyful; merry; lively
(Adjective)
(Lenited from ‘gwylat’; preceded by ‘mor’?)

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78
Q

Canu Heledd §11.3
Gantaw

A

To
(Literally ‘with’; in this context it makes no sense, however, so translate as above.)

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79
Q

Canu Heledd §11.3
Mal

A

Like
(Conjunction)

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80
Q

Canu Heledd §12.1
Borfor

A

Purple
(Adjective)
(Unusually lenited. This suggests the omission of a feminine noun. Rowland suggests ‘peis’, ‘cloak’, given that the passage describes an article of clothing.
Another possibility is that ‘wych’ has been lenited from ‘rwych’, ‘mantle’, and ‘borfor’ has been lenited because it unusually precedes the noun.
In any case the meaning is basically the same.)

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81
Q

Canu Heledd §12.1
Yt

A

For you; to you
(In this context, it can be the 3rd singular masculine pronoun, here signalling possession.)

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82
Q

Canu Heledd §12.2
Kell

A

Store-house
(Feminine noun)

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83
Q

Canu Heledd §12.2
Esbyt

A

Guests
(Masculine or feminine noun)
(Plural of ‘osb’)

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84
Q

Canu Heledd §12.2
Bywyt

A

Livelihood
(Meaning unclear. Normally means ‘life’; the question is how far we can stretch the meaning. Rowland notes that, some time after the writing of Canu Heledd, the word is attested to mean ‘livelihood’ or ‘wealth’, and that meaning works well here.)

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85
Q

Canu Heledd §12.2
Ior

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)

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86
Q

Canu Heledd §12.3
Keneu

A

Descendant
(Masculine noun)

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87
Q

Canu Heledd §12.3
Kwynitor

A

He will be mourned
(?3rd singular present/future consuetudinal)

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88
Q

Canu Heledd §13
Mat

A

A good man
(Masculine noun)
(NB: Based on sentence structure, it could also be an adverbial addition to ‘gwisc’.)

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89
Q

Canu Heledd §13.2
Wisc

A

Wear
(Verbal noun)

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90
Q

Canu Heledd §13.2
Baraf

A

Beard
(Masculine noun)

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91
Q

Canu Heledd §13.2
Drwyn

A

Nose
(Masculine or feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘trwyn’; preceded by 3rd singular masculine possessive pronoun.)

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92
Q

Canu Heledd §13.3
Bo

A

Might be
(3rd singular present subjunctive)

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93
Q

Canu Heledd §13.3
Gwell

A

Better
(Adjective; comparative form of ‘da’)

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94
Q

Canu Heledd §13.3
No

A

Than
(Comparative conjunction)

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95
Q

Canu Heledd §14.1
Kymwyat

A

Tormentor
(Masculine noun)

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96
Q

Canu Heledd §14.1
Wyt

A

You are
(2nd singular present indicative)

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97
Q

Canu Heledd §14.2
Armeithyd

A

You … intend
(Unclear; see note by Rowland.)

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98
Q

Canu Heledd §14.2
Bydy[d]

A

You … to be
(2nd singular imperative)

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99
Q

Canu Heledd §14.2
Lwyt

A

Grey-haired
(Adjective)
(Lenited from ‘llwyt’; functions as nominal predicate following form of ‘to be’)

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100
Q

Canu Heledd §14.3
Drebwll

A

Trebwll
(Proper noun)

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101
Q

Canu Heledd §14.3
Twll

A

Pierced; broken
(Adjective)

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102
Q

Canu Heledd §14.3
Dy

A

Your
(2nd singular possessive pronoun)

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103
Q

Canu Heledd §14.3, §55.2
Ysgwyt

A

Shield
(Masculine noun)

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104
Q

Canu Heledd §15.1, §16
Kae

A

Defend
(?Verbal noun/2nd singular indicative)

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105
Q

Canu Heledd §15.1
Riw

A

Hill
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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106
Q

Canu Heledd §15.2
Yn y

A

Where the
(NB: Not, in this case, ‘in the’.)

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107
Q

Canu Heledd §15.2, §16.2, §20.3
Daw

A

Come
(3rd sg./pl. present indicative)

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108
Q

Canu Heledd §15.2, §16.2, §31.2, §49.2
Lloegyrwys

A

Englishmen
(Masculine plural noun)

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109
Q

Canu Heledd §15.3
Amgeled

A

Concern
(Masculine noun)

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110
Q

Canu Heledd §15.3
Diw

A

Avail
(3rd singular present indicative)

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111
Q

Canu Heledd §16.1
Nenn

A

Summit; roof
(NB: Normally translates as ‘roof’, which would make sense if we relate it to the following ‘Stafell Gynddylan’ section; it could also be figurative for the summit of the ‘riw’ the line before.)

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112
Q

Canu Heledd §16.3
Elwir

A

Called
(Impersonal present indicative)

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113
Q

Canu Heledd §17.1
Gan

A

By; with
(Preposition)

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114
Q

Canu Heledd §17.1
Dru

A

Wretched
(adjective)
(Lenited from ‘tru’; preceded by ‘mor’.)

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115
Q

Canu Heledd §17.2
Kysylltu

A

Joining; connecting
(Verbal noun)

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116
Q

Canu Heledd §17.2
Styllot

A

Planks
(Plural feminine noun)

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117
Q

Canu Heledd §17.2
Gwynngnawt

A

White flesh
(Compound noun; note the lenition of ‘cnawt’ to ‘gnawt’.)
(NB: In this line, ‘gwynngnawt’ must be preceded by an added [to the] for the translation to make sense.)

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118
Q

Canu Heledd §17.3
Kyngran

A

Leader
(Masculine noun)

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119
Q

Canu Heledd §17.3
Can

A

Hundred
(Note; can also be a form of ‘canu’, ‘to sing’. Work it out based on context.)

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120
Q

Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Stauell

A

Hall
(Feminine noun [hence Cynddylan is lenited])

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121
Q

Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Tywyll

A

Dark
(Adjective)

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122
Q

Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Heno

A

Tonight
(Adverb)

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123
Q

Canu Heledd §18.2 ff.
Heb

A

Without
(Preposition)

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124
Q

Canu Heledd §18.2
Dan

A

Fire
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘tan’; preceded by ‘heb’.)

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125
Q

Canu Heledd §18.2
Wely

A

Bed
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwely’; preceded by ‘heb’)

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126
Q

Canu Heledd §18.3
Wylaf

A

I will weep
(1st singular present/future indicative)

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127
Q

Canu Heledd §18.3
Wers

A

A while
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwers’; noun functioning as object after verb)

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128
Q

Canu Heledd §18.3
Tawaf

A

I will fall silent
(1st singular present/future indicative)

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129
Q

Canu Heledd §18.3
Wedy

A

Afterwards
(Adverb)
(Lenited from ‘gwedy’; functioning as object after verb)

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130
Q

Canu Heledd §19.2
Gannwyll

A

Candle
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cannwyll’; preceded by ‘heb’)

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131
Q

Canu Heledd §19.3, §62.2
Namyn

A

Except for
(Adverb)

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132
Q

Canu Heledd §19.3
Pwy

A

Who
(Interrogative particle)

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133
Q

Canu Heledd §19.3, §20.3
A’m

A

Preverbal particle with 1st singular infixed pronoun

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134
Q

Canu Heledd §19.3
Dyry

A

…Will give
(3rd singular present/future indicative form of ‘rodi’)

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135
Q

Canu Heledd §19.3
Pwyll

A

Sanity; sense
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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136
Q

Canu Heledd §20.2
Oleuat

A

Light
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘goleuat’; preceded by ‘heb’)

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137
Q

Canu Heledd §20.3
Etlit

A

Sorrow
(Masculine noun)

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138
Q

Canu Heledd §20.3
Amdanat

A

Because of you
(Compound preposition)
(Literally ‘around you’)

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139
Q

Canu Heledd §21.1
Nenn

A

Roof
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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140
Q

Canu Heledd §21.2
Gwen

A

Blessed
(Adjective)

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141
Q

Canu Heledd §21.2
Gyweithyd

A

Company
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cyweithyd’; it is preceded by an adjective, instead of being followed by it.)

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142
Q

Canu Heledd §21.3
Gwae

A

Woe
(Interjection particle)

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143
Q

Canu Heledd §21.3, §60.1
Wna

A

Does
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future of ‘gwneuthur’)
(Lenited from ‘gwna’; preceded by ‘ny’)
(In §60.1, may translate as ‘causes’, which works better.)

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144
Q

Canu Heledd §21.3
Dyuyd

A

Comes
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future of ‘dyuot’)
(NB: Preceded by infixed pronoun so translates as ‘comes to him’)

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145
Q

Canu Heledd §22.1
Athwyt

A

You have gone
(2nd singular perfect of ‘mynet’)

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146
Q

Canu Heledd §22.1
Wed

A

Form
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwed’; preceded by ‘heb’)

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147
Q

Canu Heledd §22.2
Mae

A

Is
(3rd singular present indicative of ‘bot’)

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148
Q

Canu Heledd §22.2
Ym bed

A

In a grave
(Masculine noun)
(NB: the nasal mutation has been absorbed by the preposition.)

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149
Q

Canu Heledd §22
Dy

A

Your
(2nd unstressed prefixed pronoun)

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150
Q

Canu Heledd §22.2
Yscwyt

A

Shield
(Masculine and feminine noun)

151
Q

Canu Heledd §22.3
Vu

A

He was
(3rd singular preterite of ‘bot’)
(NB: The phrase ‘hyt tra uu’ literally translated to ‘as long as he was’; idiom for ‘as long as he was alive’.)

152
Q

Canu Heledd §22.3
Dollglwyt

A

Broken gate
(Feminine noun)

153
Q

Canu Heledd §23.1
Digarat

A

Forlorn
(Adjective)

154
Q

Canu Heledd §23.2
Yr neb

A

He who
(Pronoun relative to the antecedent)

155
Q

Canu Heledd §23.2
Pieuat

A

Owned it
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

156
Q

Canu Heledd §23.3
O wi a

A

O!
(Interjection)

157
Q

Canu Heledd §23.3, §59.1 ff.
Angheu

A

Death
(Masculine and feminine noun)

158
Q

Canu Heledd §23.3
Byrr

A

Why
(Interrogative particle)
(Lenited from ‘pyrr’; unclear why.)

159
Q

Canu Heledd §23.3
Y’m gat

A

…Does it leave me
(3rd singular present indicative of ‘gadael’)
(NB: The 1st singular infixed pronoun does not lenite, which is why this must be the verb, and not ‘cat’, ‘battle’.)

160
Q

Canu Heledd §24.1
Esmwyth

A

Comfort
(Adjective as noun)

161
Q

Canu Heledd §24.2
Ar benn

A

On top
(Note the lenited ‘penn’, as it is preceded by the preposition ‘on’)

162
Q

Canu Heledd §24.2
Carrec

A

Rock
(Masculine and feminine noun)

163
Q

Canu Heledd §24.2
Hytwyth

A

Mighty
(Adjective)
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests ‘mighty’ given the context.)

164
Q

Canu Heledd §24.3
Ner

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)

165
Q

Canu Heledd §24.3
Niuer

A

Host
(Masculine and feminine noun)

166
Q

Canu Heledd §24.3
Amwyth

A

Defence
(?Noun)
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests either ‘defence’, based on the verb ‘amwyn’, ‘to defend’, or a variant of ‘amnwyth’, meaning ‘valour; military might’. Both work well here.)

167
Q

Canu Heledd §25.2
Gerdeu

A

Songs
(Plural noun, from ‘cerdd’)
(Lenited from ‘cerdeu’; preceded by ‘heb’)

168
Q

Canu Heledd §25.3
Dygystud

A

Will wear away
(3rd singular present/future indicative)

169
Q

Canu Heledd §25.3
Deurud

A

Cheeks
(Masculine noun)

170
Q

Canu Heledd §25.3, §61.3
Dagreu

171
Q

Canu Heledd §26.2
Deulu

A

Host
(Masculine noun)
(Does not carry the meaning of ‘family’ as it does in modern Welsh)

172
Q

Canu Heledd §26.3
Hidyl

A

Copious
(Adjective)

173
Q

Canu Heledd §26.3
Deigyr

A

Tears
(Plural noun)
(Relate to ‘dagreu’ in §25.3.)

174
Q

Canu Heledd §26.3
Men

A

Where
(Preposition)

175
Q

Canu Heledd §26.3
Gynnu

A

Falling
(Verbal noun)
(Lenited from ‘cynnu’; preceded by ‘yt’)
(The form doesn’t make much grammatical sense; possibly amend to 3rd plural present indicative?)

176
Q

Canu Heledd §27.1
Gwan

A

Pierces
(3rd singular present indicative)

177
Q

Canu Heledd §27.1
Gwelet

A

To see
(Verbal noun)

178
Q

Canu Heledd §27.2
Doet

A

Roofing
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘toet’; preceded by ‘heb’)

179
Q

Canu Heledd §27.3
Marw

A

Dead
(Adjective)

180
Q

Canu Heledd §27.3
Glyw

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)

181
Q

Canu Heledd §27.3
Buw

A

Alive
(Adjective)

182
Q

Canu Heledd §27.3
Hunun

A

Myself
(Pronoun)

183
Q

Canu Heledd §28.1
Peithiawc

A

Ruined
(Adjective)

184
Q

Canu Heledd §28.2
Ketwyr

A

Warriors
(Plural masculine noun)

185
Q

Canu Heledd §28.2
Bodawc

A

Steadfast
(Adjective)

186
Q

Canu Heledd §28.3
Eluan

A

Elfan
(Proper noun)

187
Q

Canu Heledd §28.3
Kaeawc

A

Diadem-wearing
(Adjective)

188
Q

Canu Heledd §29.1
Oergrei

A

Cold and harsh
(Compound adjective)

189
Q

Canu Heledd §29.2
Parch

A

Honour
(Masculine and feminine noun)

190
Q

Canu Heledd §29.2
A’m buei

A

That I had
(1st singular consuetudinal past of ‘bot’)
(NB: as Jenny Rowland notes, a common syntax for possession is ‘bot’ + an infixed dative pronoun, which is what is happening here.)

191
Q

Canu Heledd §29.3, §35.2
Wyr

A

Warriors; men
(Plural masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwyr’; preceded by ‘heb’)

192
Q

Canu Heledd §29.3
Wraged

A

Women
(Plural feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gwraged’; preceded by ‘heb’)

193
Q

Canu Heledd §29.3
Katwei

A

Held
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

194
Q

Canu Heledd §30.1
Araf

A

Quiet
(Adjective)

195
Q

Canu Heledd §30.2
Colli

A

Losing
(Verbal noun)

196
Q

Canu Heledd §30.2
Hynaf

A

Lord
(Masculine noun)

197
Q

Canu Heledd §30.3
Drugarawc

A

Merciful
(Adjective)

198
Q

Canu Heledd §30.3
Pa

A

What
(Interrogative particle)

199
Q

Canu Heledd §30.3
Wnaf

A

Will I do
(1st singular present/future indicative of ‘gwneuthur’)
(Lenited from ‘gwnaf’; preceded by ‘pa’.)

200
Q

Canu Heledd §31.2, §49.2
Dyua

A

Killing
(Verbal noun)

201
Q

Canu Heledd §31.2
O

A

By
(Usually means ‘from’, but in this context ‘by’ makes more sense.)

202
Q

Canu Heledd §32.2
Blant

A

Children
(Collective noun)
(Lenited from ‘plant’; preceded by ‘o’)
(NB: In this line, it might be worth adding ‘the death of’ before ‘children’ to make it more contextually sound.)

203
Q

Canu Heledd §33.1
Erwan

A

Pierces
(3rd singular present indicative)

204
Q

Canu Heledd §33.1
Pob awr

A

All the time
(Literally ‘every hour’, but idiomatic)

205
Q

Canu Heledd §33.2
Ymgyuyrdan

A

Blazing fire; dissension
(Masculine noun)
(Note the lenition of ‘cyuyrdan’; the adjective ‘mawr’ precedes it.)
(The ‘ym-‘ prefix is a reflexive particle; it connects the noun to the previous subject.)

206
Q

Canu Heledd §33.3
Weleis

A

I saw
(1st singular imperfect indicative)

207
Q

Canu Heledd §33.3
Benntan

A

Hearth
(Masculine noun)

208
Q

Canu Heledd §34.1 ff.
Eryr

209
Q

Canu Heledd §34.1 ff.
Eli

A

Eli
(Proper noun)

210
Q

Canu Heledd §34.1
Ban

A

Loud; melodious
(Adjective)

211
Q

Canu Heledd §34.1
Lef

A

Cry
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘llef’; preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun)

212
Q

Canu Heledd §34.2
Llewssei

A

He had drunk
(3rd singular pluperfect)

213
Q

Canu Heledd §34.2
Gwyar

A

Blood
(Masculine noun)

214
Q

Canu Heledd §34.2
Llynn

A

Drink
(Masculine noun)
(NB: it should be lenited, as the genitive is reversed, however ‘ll’ is the exception to this rule.)

215
Q

Canu Heledd §34.3
Creu

A

Blood
(Masculine and feminine noun)

216
Q

Canu Heledd §35.1
Gorelwi

A

was calling out loud
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

217
Q

Canu Heledd §35.2
Ygwaet

A

In the blood
(Compound preposition + masculine noun)
(As in the other cases, the preposition has absorbed the nasal mutation.)

218
Q

Canu Heledd §35.2
Gwynnovi

A

He was wallowing
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)

219
Q

Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Ygoet

A

In the wood
(Compound preposition + collective noun)
(Particle has absorbed the nasal mutation.)

220
Q

Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Trwm

A

Heavy
(Masculine adjective; affects ‘hoet’, a masculine noun.)

221
Q

Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Hoet

A

Sorrow
(Masculine noun)

222
Q

Canu Heledd §35.3
Ymi

A

For me
(Compound preposition)
(Literally ‘to me’, but means ‘for’ in this context.)

223
Q

Canu Heledd §36.1
Glywaf

A

I hear
(1st singular present indicative)

224
Q

Canu Heledd §36.2
Creulyt

A

Bloodstained
(Adjective)

225
Q

Canu Heledd §36.2, §57.1 ff.
Yw

A

He is, it is
(3rd singular present indicative of ‘bot’)

226
Q

Canu Heledd §36.2
Beidyaf

A

I … defy
(1st singular present indicative)
(NB: the infixed ‘’s’ pronoun thus adds a ‘him’ to the end of this.)

227
Q

Canu Heledd §36.3
Arnaf

A

Upon me
(Compound preposition)

228
Q

Canu Heledd §37.1
Gorthrymet

A

How grevious
(Equative form of adjective ‘gorthrwm’)

229
Q

Canu Heledd §37.2, §54.1
Dyffrynt

A

Valley
(Masculine noun)

230
Q

Canu Heledd §37.2
Meissir

A

Meissir
(Proper noun)

231
Q

Canu Heledd §37.2
Myget

A

Praiseworthy; honourable
(Adjective)

232
Q

Canu Heledd §37.3
Dir

A

Land
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘tir’; unusual lenition, however.)

233
Q

Canu Heledd §37.3
Hir

A

Long
(Adjective)

234
Q

Canu Heledd §37.3
Ry

A

Perfective particle; also implies customary actions.

235
Q

Canu Heledd §37.3
Godet

A

Troubled
(Impersonal imperfect indicative; however, changes to preterite due to the perfective particle ‘ry’.)

236
Q

Canu Heledd §38.1
Echeidw

A

He guards
(3rd singular present indicative)

237
Q

Canu Heledd §38.1
Myr

A

Seas
(Plural masculine noun)

238
Q

Canu Heledd §38.2
Threid

A

Go as far as
(3rd singular present indicative)
(NB: This is preceded by the particle ‘ny’ which signifies a subject-verb-object order, not verb-subject-object.

239
Q

Canu Heledd §38.2
Pyscawt

A

Fish
(Collective noun)

240
Q

Canu Heledd §38.2
Ebyr

A

Estuaries
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)

241
Q

Canu Heledd §38.3, §44.1
Gelwit

A

He calls
(3rd singular absolute; could also be impersonal imperfect, although this does not make much sense here.)

242
Q

Canu Heledd §38.3, §44.2
Gwelit

A

?Feasts
(3rd singular absolute; could also be impersonal imperfect, although this does not make much sense here.)
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland scans it as ‘feasts’ or ‘wallows’. If it does mean ‘feast’, then it would certainly be unusual.
A third meaning is simply gweled, ‘to see’, in its impersonal form; thus the line could mean ‘he was seen because of the blood of warriors’.)

243
Q

Canu Heledd §39.1
Gorymda

A

Traverses
(3rd singular present indicative)

244
Q

Canu Heledd §39.2
Kyuor

A

Complete
(Adjective)

245
Q

Canu Heledd §39.2
Kinyawa

A

Feasting
(Verbal noun)
(Odd form)

246
Q

Canu Heledd §39.3
A’e llawch

A

He indulges
(3rd singular present indicative)
(NB: The subject probably isn’t the eagle; it is probably the thing which is indulging him.)
(NB: The relative pronoun ‘a’ doesn’t seem to do anything; it is there just to hold onto the pronoun.)

247
Q

Canu Heledd §39.3
Llwydit

A

Succeeds
(3rd singular absolute; impersonal imperfect could also be used, but that doesn’t make much sense.)

248
Q

Canu Heledd §39.3
Draha

A

Violence; pride; cruelty
(Masculine noun)

249
Q

Canu Heledd §40.1
Penngarn

A

Tuft
(Probably a conjugation of penn, ‘head’, and carn, ‘a heap’, so literally ‘head-heap’.

250
Q

Canu Heledd §40.1
Llwyt

A

Grey
(Adjective)

251
Q

Canu Heledd §40.2
Aruchel

A

Very high
(Equative form of adjective)

252
Q

Canu Heledd §40.2
Atleis

A

Cry
(Masculine and feminine noun)

253
Q

Canu Heledd §40.3
Eidic

A

Greedy
(Adjective)

254
Q

Canu Heledd §40.3
Gic

A

Flesh
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cic’; preceded by ‘am’)
(NB: the preceding ‘am’ normally means ‘around’, but here takes the meaning ‘for’.)

255
Q

Canu Heledd §40.3
Gereis

A

I loved
(1st singular imperfect indicative)
(Lenited from ‘cereis’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’.)

256
Q

Canu Heledd §41.2
Euan

A

???
(Meaning is entirely uncertain. It likely relates to the eagle in some way, like ‘aruchel’ in the stanza prior.)

257
Q

Canu Heledd §42.2
Adaf

A

Claw
(Feminine noun)

258
Q

Canu Heledd §42.3
Garaf

A

I love
(1st singular present indicative)
(Lenited from ‘caraf’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’.)

259
Q

Canu Heledd §43.1
Pell

A

Far; a long time
(Adjective)

260
Q

Canu Heledd §43.2
Galwawt

A

He will call
(3rd singular present/future absolute; it could also be 3rd singular preterite, however that does not make sense. It is instead an older ending.)
(NB: The grammar is weird here; there is no way the eagle can grammatically be the subject, but he becomes so due to a feature known as the ‘contextual subject’, where it is simply inferred.)

261
Q

Canu Heledd §43.2
Gwylawt

A

He will ?feast
(3rd singular present/future absolute; while it could be the 3rd singular preterite ending, this does not make much sense, and so it is instead most likely an older ending that fell out of use.)
(Meaning not entirely clear; Rowland suggests ‘feast’, however it could also be ‘he will watch over’.)

262
Q

Canu Heledd §43.3, §44.3
Gelwir

A

Is called
(Impersonal present indicative)

263
Q

Canu Heledd §43.3
Difawt

A

Misfortune
(Masculine and feminine noun)

264
Q

Canu Heledd §44.3
Lethrit

A

Famous
(Adjective)

265
Q

Canu Heledd §45.1
Eglwysseu Bassa

A

The Churches of Bassa
(Proper noun)
(It is treated in the poem as a grammatically plural place name. Note that Jenny Rowland translates it as ‘Baschurch’, but this causes more problems in translation.)

266
Q

Canu Heledd §45.1
Orffowys

A

Resting-place
(NB: There is no bot, ‘to be’, in these lines. However, it is very common to omit this in poetry due to the way in which a copula is constructed. Thus, you may include an ‘is’ in translation, but just note it.)

267
Q

Canu Heledd §45.2
Diwed

A

Last; final
(Adjective)

268
Q

Canu Heledd §45.2
Ymgynnwys

A

Home
(Literally reflexive prefix ‘ym-‘ + verb, ‘to include’ acting as noun; thus ‘place of inclusion’)

269
Q

Canu Heledd §45.3
Cledyr

A

Pillar; support
(Feminine noun)

270
Q

Canu Heledd §45.3
Argoetwis

A

Men of Argoed
(Compound noun, Argoed + gwyr)

271
Q

Canu Heledd §46.1
Ynt

A

Are
(3rd plural present indicative of ‘bot’)

272
Q

Canu Heledd §46.1
Ffaeth

A

Cultivated
(Adjective)

273
Q

Canu Heledd §46.2, §57.3
Tauawt

A

Tongue
(Masculine and feminine noun)

274
Q

Canu Heledd §46.2
Gwnaeth

A

Made
(3rd singular preterite of ‘gwneuthur’)
(NB: note the infixed pronoun here; the line should be ‘My tongue made it [so].’)

275
Q

Canu Heledd §46.3
Rud

A

Red; covered with blood
(Adjective)

276
Q

Canu Heledd §46.3
Rwy

A

Too great; excessive
(Adjective)

277
Q

Canu Heledd §46.3
Hiraeth

A

Longing
(Masculine noun)

278
Q

Canu Heledd §47.2
Yng

A

Confined
(Adjective)

279
Q

Canu Heledd §47.2
Etiued

A

Heir
(Masculine noun)

280
Q

Canu Heledd §47.3
Mablan

A

Grave
(Feminine noun)
(Literally ‘little enclosure’, figuratively the grave of Cynddylan.)

281
Q

Canu Heledd §48.1
Tirion

A

Uncultivated lands; mild
(Collective masculine noun; adjective)

282
Q

Canu Heledd §48.2
Gwaedlyt

A

Bloody
(Adjective)

283
Q

Canu Heledd §48.2
Meillyon

A

Clovers
(Collective noun)

284
Q

Canu Heledd §49.1
Collassant

A

Lost
(3rd plural preterite)

285
Q

Canu Heledd §49.1
Breint

A

Honour
(Feminine and masculine noun)

286
Q

Canu Heledd §50.1
Diua

A

Destroyed; devastated
(Adjective)

287
Q

Canu Heledd §50.2
Chetwyr

A

Warriors
(Plural masculine noun)
(Spirant mutation from ‘ketwyr’; preceded by feminine 3rd singular pronoun ‘y’.)
(NB: This stanza is the only one where ‘Eglwysseu Bassa’ is referred to with a singular particle.)

288
Q

Canu Heledd §50.2
Phara

A

Continue
(3rd singular present/future indicative)
(Note the spirant mutation from ‘para’; preceded by negative particle ‘ny’.)

289
Q

Canu Heledd §50.3
Wyr

A

Know
(3rd plural present indicative of ‘gwybod’)
(Lenited from ‘gwyr’; preceded by preverbal article ‘a’. NB: The lenition is how we can confirm that ‘a’ is the particle and not ‘and’.)

290
Q

Canu Heledd §50.3
Yma

A

Here
(Adverb)

291
Q

Canu Heledd §51.1
Varuar

A

Embers
(Collective noun)
(Lenited from ‘maruar’; noun functioning as object after a verb.)

292
Q

Canu Heledd §51.2
Minneu

A

Myself
(Emphatic 1st singular pronoun)

293
Q

Canu Heledd §51.2
Wyf

A

I am
(1st singular present indicative of ‘bot’)

294
Q

Canu Heledd §51.2
Dyar

A

Sorrowful
(Adjective)

295
Q

Canu Heledd §51.3
Galar

A

Grief
(Nasal mutation signalled by ‘vyg’; spelling is absorbed by the preceding pronoun.)

296
Q

Canu Heledd §52.1
Y Drefwenn

A

The fair town
(Possibly proper noun?)

297
Q

Canu Heledd §52.1
Bronn

A

Breast
(Feminine noun)
(Figuratively ‘heart’)

298
Q

Canu Heledd §52.2
Ysef

A

This is
(Demonstrative pronoun + copula)

299
Q

Canu Heledd §52.2, §53.2
Hefras

A

Custom
(Masculine noun)
(Aspirated [added h] due to the preceding feminine 3rd singular pronoun.)

300
Q

Canu Heledd §52.2
Eiryoet

A

Always
(Adverb)

301
Q

Canu Heledd §52.3, §56.2
Wyneb

A

Face; surface
(Masculine noun)
(NB: This line is one with an implied copula)

302
Q

Canu Heledd §52.3, §56.2
Gwellt

A

Grass
(Collective noun)

303
Q

Canu Heledd §53.1, §62.3
Thymyr

A

Region; lands
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘tymyr’; preceded by masculine 3rd singular possessive pronoun)

304
Q

Canu Heledd §53.2
Yglas vyuyr

A

In a verdant memorial
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland suggests this translation. Note the spirant mutation of ‘yglas’ signalling the preposition ‘in’.)

305
Q

Canu Heledd §53.3
A dan

A

Under
(Preposition)
(NB: It is not a lenited ‘tan’, ‘fire’, but rather a compound preposition. This can be established from context.)

306
Q

Canu Heledd §53.3
Draet

A

Feet
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
(Mutated from ‘traet’; preceded by preposition ‘dan’.)

307
Q

Canu Heledd §54.2
Llawen

A

Happy
(Adjective)

308
Q

Canu Heledd §54.2
Bydeir

A

Bird of prey
(Masculine noun)
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland compares to ‘Buteir’ in stanza 8.)

309
Q

Canu Heledd §54.2
Wrth

A

At
(Preposition)

310
Q

Canu Heledd §54.2
Gyuamrud

A

Bloodshed
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘cyuamrud’; preceded by preposition ‘wrth’.)

311
Q

Canu Heledd §54.3
Gwerin

A

People
(Collective noun)
(NB: Preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun, but feminine, so it does not trigger mutation.)

312
Q

Canu Heledd §54.3
Neur

A

Affirmative preverbal particle
(Alternative form of ‘neut’)

313
Q

Canu Heledd §54.3
Derynt

A

Perished
(3rd plural imperfect indicative of ‘darfot’)

314
Q

Canu Heledd §55.1
Rwng

A

Between
(Preposition)

315
Q

Canu Heledd §55.1
Throdwyd

A

Rhodwydd
(Proper noun)

316
Q

Canu Heledd §55.2
Oed

A

Was
(3rd singular preterite of ‘bot’)

317
Q

Canu Heledd §55.2
Gnodach

A

More customary
(Comparative adjective)

318
Q

Canu Heledd §55.2
Tonn

A

Broken
(Feminine adjective)
(NB: Not ‘tonn’, meaning ‘wave’.)
(NB: We expect it to be lenited because it follows a feminine noun, but it is not.)

319
Q

Canu Heledd §55.3
Nogyt

A

Than
(Conjunction with comparative; in other words, the ‘than’ in a ‘more … than’ construction)

320
Q

Canu Heledd §55.3
Ych

A

Ox
(Masculine [Collective?] noun)

321
Q

Canu Heledd §55.3
Echwyd

A

Place where they [i.e. cattle] shelter from heat
(Masculine noun)

322
Q

Canu Heledd §56.1
Thraual

A

Trafal
(Proper noun)
(Note the spirant mutation; preceded by ‘a’, meaning ‘and’.)

323
Q

Canu Heledd §56.3
Noc

A

Than
(Comparative conjunction)
(Cf. ‘nogyt’)

324
Q

Canu Heledd §56.3
Eredic

A

Ploughing
(Verbal noun)

325
Q

Canu Heledd §56.3
Brynar

A

Fallow land
(Masculine noun)

326
Q

Canu Heledd §57.1
Gwynn

A

Blessed
(Masculine adjective)

327
Q

Canu Heledd §57.1 ff.
Byt

A

Is
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future)

328
Q

Canu Heledd §57.1 ff.
Freuer

A

Ffreuer
(Proper noun)

329
Q

Canu Heledd §57.1
Diheint

A

Painful
(Adjective)

330
Q

Canu Heledd §57.2
Colli

A

Losing
(Verbal noun)
(Probably translate as ‘loss’ to make better sense.)

331
Q

Canu Heledd §57.2
Kenueint

A

Family
(Feminine noun)

332
Q

Canu Heledd §57.3
Anffawt

A

Misfortune
(Masculine and feminine noun)

333
Q

Canu Heledd §57.3
Lesseint

A

They have been killed
(Impersonal [i.e. passive] imperfect indicative)

334
Q

Canu Heledd §58.1
Gwann

A

Sad; unlucky
(Adjective)

335
Q

Canu Heledd §58.2
Agheu

A

Death
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(cf. Angheu)

336
Q

Canu Heledd §59.1
De

A

Pain; burn
(Adjective for noun)

337
Q

Canu Heledd §40.3, §59.2
Am

A

Because of
(Literally ‘around’; cf. ‘amdanat’ in §20.3)

338
Q

Canu Heledd §59.2
Damorth

A

Confinement
(Masculine noun)

339
Q

Canu Heledd §59.2
Brodyrde

A

Ardent brothers
(Compound noun; brodyr, ‘brothers’, + de, ‘ardent, burning, passionate’.)

340
Q

Canu Heledd §59.3, §60.3
Duhunaf

A

I will awaken
(1st singular present/future indicative)

341
Q

Canu Heledd §59.3, §60.3
Wylaf

A

I will weep
(1st singular present/future indicative)

342
Q

Canu Heledd §59.3
Vore

A

Morning
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘bore’; noun functioning as object)

343
Q

Canu Heledd §60.1
Heint

A

Illness
(Masculine and feminine noun)

344
Q

Canu Heledd §60.2
Dechreu

A

Beginning
(Masculine noun)

345
Q

Canu Heledd §60.2
O … hut

A

From … until
(Particle)
(Read ‘hut’ as ‘hyd’)

346
Q

Canu Heledd §60.2
Deweint

A

Dead of night
(Masculine noun)

347
Q

Canu Heledd §60.3
Bylgeint

A

Daybreak
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘pylgeint’; noun functioning as object preceded directly by verb.)

348
Q

Canu Heledd §61
Tremyn

A

Moves
(3rd singular present indicative)

349
Q

Canu Heledd §61
Grudyeu

A

Cheeks
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: Literally, this full line translates to ‘and makes yellow cheeks [for] me’, as the infixed pronoun takes on a dative case. However, this makes little sense. Translate as ‘and causes me to have yellow cheeks’.)

350
Q

Canu Heledd §61.3
Choch

A

Red
(Adjective)
(Spirant mutation from ‘coch’; preceded by ‘a’, ‘and’.)

351
Q

Canu Heledd §61.3
Erchwyn

A

Bedside
(Masculine and feminine noun)

352
Q

Canu Heledd §61.3
Dros

A

Over
(Preposition)

353
Q

Canu Heledd §62.1 ff.
Erniwaf

A

I grieve
(1st singular present indicative)

354
Q

Canu Heledd §62.2
Yn wanglaf

A

Weak and ill
(Compound adjective)

355
Q

Canu Heledd §62.3
Gwynaf

A

I lament
(1st singular present indicative)
(Lenited from ‘cwynaf’; preceded by preverbal article ‘a’.)

356
Q

Canu Heledd §63.1, §64.1
Wenn

A

Fair
(Feminine adjective)
(Lenited from ‘gwenn’; preceded by feminine noun.)

357
Q

Canu Heledd §63.1
Vaeth

A

Nurtured
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘maeth’; preceded by infixed pronoun ‘‘th’.)
(NB: due to the infixed pronoun, this line is translated as ‘brothers nurtured you’.)

358
Q

Canu Heledd §63.2
Ny hannoedynt

A

They did not spring
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)

359
Q

Canu Heledd §63.3
Ny uegynt

A

Who did not nurture
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)
(NB: the negative particle ‘ny’ can also be relative.)

360
Q

Canu Heledd §63.3
Vygylaeth

A

Cowardice
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from ‘mygylaeth’; noun acting as object preceded by verb.)

361
Q

Canu Heledd §64.1
Brodyr a’th uu

A

You had
(3rd singular preterite)
(Literally ‘brothers there were for you’, as the infixed pronoun takes on the dative case.)

362
Q

Canu Heledd §64.2
Glywynt

A

They heard
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)
(Lenited from ‘clywynt’; preceded by interrogative particle ‘pann’.)

363
Q

Canu Heledd §64.2
Gywrenin

A

Powerful
(Adjective)

364
Q

Canu Heledd §64.3
Ny echyuydei

A

Was not found wanting
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests that it is an MS error for ‘echuydei’, 3rd singular imperfect indicative of ‘echfod’, ‘to be wanting, to ebb’.

365
Q

Canu Heledd §64.3
Ffyd

A

Faith
(Feminine noun)
(Usually found in religious contexts and so doesn’t make much sense here. The secular equivalent was ‘cret’, ‘oath, promise, fidelity’.)

366
Q

Canu Heledd §64.3
Ganthu

A

With them
(Composite pronoun)

367
Q

Canu Heledd §65.2
Kyt

A

Although
(Conjunction)

368
Q

Canu Heledd §65.2
Ytuo

A

There may be
(3rd singular present subjunctive of ‘atuot’)

369
Q

Canu Heledd §65.2
Ym bop mann

A

Everywhere
(Adverb)
(Literally ‘in every place’)

370
Q

Canu Heledd §65.3
Ny’n tawr

A

It does not matter to us
(3rd singular present indicative)
(The infixed pronoun ‘‘n’ is 1st plural possessive pronoun.)

371
Q

Canu Heledd §65.3
Ny ladawr

A

Will not be killed
(Impersonal future indicative)
(Lenited from ‘lladawr’; preceded by negative particle ‘ny’.)

372
Q

Canu Heledd §65.3
An

A

Our
(1st plural pronoun)

373
Q

Canu Heledd §65.3
Rann

A

Side
(Feminine noun)

Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh (11 decks)

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