Pregnancy/Reproduction Flashcards
How do you calculate EDD?
LMP + 1 Year - 3 Months + 7 days
G: Gravida
total number of pregnancies (including current one)
P: Para
number of pregnancies that have lasted past 20 weeks
T: Term Births
number of pregnancies that have ended at or after 37 weeks
P: Preterm Births
number of pregnancies that have ended at or after 20 weeks, but before 37 weeks (20-36 weeks)
A: Abortions
number of pregnancies ending before 20 weeks
L: Living Children
number of children currently living
Chadwick’s Sign
bluish/purple discoloration of the cervix (think C for color)
Goodell’s Sign
softening of the cervix (think GOOey)
Hedger’s Signs
softening of the lower uterine segment
How many extra calories are needed during the 1st trimester?
none
How many extra calories are needed during the 2nd trimester?
340
How many extra calories are needed during the 3rd trimester?
450
Why is the first ultrasound done?
to confirm pregnancy
When and why is the second ultrasound done?
18-20 weeks
looks for congenital malformations, excludes multiples, confirms dates, and identifies gender (if wanted)
When and why is the third ultrasound done?
34 weeks
determines fetal weight, height, growth, and verifies placental position
What can ultrasound detect?
Fetal heartbeat, movement, and breathing
What does increased circulating maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein indicate?
failure of neural tubes to close
What does decreased circulating maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein indicate?
down’s syndrome hydatidiform mole, excessive maternal weight, maternal diabetes I, or trisomy 18
What is amniocentesis?
transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac with a fluid sample retraction
What does an amniocentesis do at 11-14 weeks?
detects genetic abnormalities
What does an amniocentesis do at 15-20 weeks?
detect chromosomal abnormalities, evaluates fetal condition when mother is sensitive to Rh+ blood, diagnoses intrauterine infection, and investigates amniotic fluid AFP levels
What does an amniocentesis do at 35+ weeks?
determines fetal lung maturity and Rh isoimmunization
What are risks associated with amniocentesis?
spontaneous miscarriage and fluid leak
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
needle aspiration of chronic villus
What does Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) detect?
- chromosomal disorders
- enzyme deficiencies
- fetal gender
- sex-linked disorders
What is another name for Cordocentesis?
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling
How is Cordocentesis done?
aspiration of fetal blood from the umbilical cord near the placenta
Why is Cordocentesis done?
- needed for karyotyping
- diagnosis and intrauterine management of Rh disease
- diagnosis of disorders that require fetal blood for testing
Behavioral Methods of Contraception
- abstinence
- fertility awareness
- withdrawal
- lactation amenorrhea
In Fertility Awareness, when it is unsafe to have sex?
three days before, during, and after ovulation
What is the success rate of fertility awareness?
75%
Cervical Mucus Ovulation Method
looks for spinnbarkeit mucous that is slippery and stretchy
When using the Cervical Mucus Ovulation method, when is it safe to have sex?
before the spinnbarkeit mucous appears and two days after its gone
When using the Basal Body Temperature methods, when should you take your temperature?
at the same time every day, usually when you first wake up in the morning
How much does ovulation change body temperature?
increase of ~0.5-1.0 degrees F that lasts until the next menstruation
What is the Symptothermal Method?
a combination of basal body temperature, cervix firmness and position, increased libido, mittelschmertz, pelvic fullness or tenderness, and breast tenderness
What is the cervix like during ovulation?
firm and high in the vagina or posterior; OS is slightly open
What is the cervix like during menstruation?
cervix is anterior and very soft and pliable
Standard Days Method
Avoid sex on days 8-19
The Standard Days Method is only effective for…
women with cycles between 26 and 32 days
How effective is the withdrawal method?
27% failure–the first few drops of semen contain most of the sperm load
What is the best kind of contraception?
The one that you use correctly and consistently
How effective are male condoms?
85-98% effective
How effective are female condoms?
79-95% effective
How long can you leave a diaphragm in?
No more than 24 hours–risk for TSS
True or False: You can buy a diaphragm at a drug/convenience store.
False–they are only available by prescription
What are the signs and symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome?
- fever greater than 101.1
- feeling light-headed and dizzy
- development of a generalized rash
When should a diaphragm be inserted?
4 hours before intercourse
How long does the diaphragm have to be left in after intercourse?
6 hours
How do you check for holes in a diaphragm?
running water over it
How do you get a cervical cap?
prescription from doctor
What is a risk associated with a cervical cap?
TSS
How effective is oral contraception?
92-99% effective
What kind of oral contraceptives should a woman use if she is lactating?
progestin-only pills
What are monophasic oral contraceptives?
pills that deliver fixed doses of estrogen and progestin throughout a 21-day cycle
What are triphasic oral contraceptives?
pills that deliver varied amount of estrogen and progestin throughout a 21-day cycle
How effective is injectable birth control?
97-99% effective
How effective are transdermal patches?
92-99% effective
How effective are vaginal rings?
92-99% effective
How long are vaginal rings left?
3 weeks in, 1 week out
How effective are implantable birth control devices?
> 99% effective
How often should Implanon be replaced?
every 36 months
How effective are intrauterine systems?
99% effective
PAINS Warning Signs
P: period is late or abnormal A: abdominal pain I: infection N: not feeling well S: strings may not be in the correct place
True or False: IUDs can transmit infections deeper into the reproductive tract
True
How often is Mirena replaced?
every 5 years
How often are copper IUDs replaced?
every 7 years
How effective is emergency contraception?
58-94% effective
What is Ovarette?
progestin-only pills that are effective up to 5 days after intercourse/failed contraception
True or False: A prescription is not required for Ovarette?
False
True or False: Plan B works if you are already pregnant
False
When should Plan B be taken?
Within 72 hours after intercourse/failed contraception, but the sooner the better
What is Mifeprex?
Non-surgical abortion
Where is Mifeprex taken?
A doctor’s office or clinic
When can Mifeprex be taken?
Up to 49 days after days after the beginning of a woman’s LMP
How does Mifeprex work?
It blocks progesterone, which prepares the lining of the uterus and helps maintain pregnancy
Transcervical Tubal Ligation
a tiny coil is released into the fallopian tubes through the cervix; overtime, scar tissue will form around the coils and block off the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching the egg
How long does it take for a transcervical tubal ligation to become effective?
3 months
True or False: A vasectomy is not immediately effective after the procedure.
True–must submit two semen samples with no sperm present
True or False: Weight gain during pregnancy is the strongest predictor of infant birth weight.
True
Which populations are at the greatest risk for reproduction problems?
adolescents and those in poverty
What are reasons for getting an abortion?
- woman’s request
- genetic disorder of fetus
- rape and incest
- preserving the health of the woman
Abortion
Termination of the pregnancy before 20 weeks for any reason
How long do most sperm survive?
1-2 days tops
After ovulation, the ovum needs to be fertilized within…
24 hours
When does the fetal period begin and end?
Begins at 9 weeks and extends until birth
When does the embryonic period begin and end?
Begins the 3rd week and ends after the 8th week
When are all major organ systems in place?
By the end of the 8th week
During the embryonic period, what can cause major structural and functional damage to the developing organs?
Teratogens
When does growth and refinement of the organ systems occur?
During the fetal period
True or False: The CNS is only vulnerable to damaging agents during the first and second trimesters.
False–it is vulnerable during the whole pregnancy
True or False: Fetal circulation consists of 1 umbilical artery and 2 umbilical veins.
False–two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
What does the umbilical vein do?
Carries deoxygenated and nutrient rich blood to the fetus
What do the umbilical arteries do?
Carries deoxygenated blood and waste products to the placenta for transfer to the mother’s blood
What reduces compression and torsion of the umbilical vessels?
Wharton’s jelly
