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371 Final Exam > Health Surveillance I > Flashcards

Health Surveillance I Flashcards

1
Q

Health Surveillance

A

System of close observation of all aspects of the occurrence and distribution of a communicable disease through systematic collection, orderly consolidation and analysis, and prompt dissemination of all relevant data

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2
Q

Communicable Disease

A

infectious disease or infestation transmitted from one person/animal to another

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3
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

uses person, place, and time variables to describe the disease patterns

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4
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A

examines complex relationships among determinants of disease

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5
Q

Which types of epidemiology determines why disease rate is lower is one population than another?

A

analytic

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6
Q

Parts of the Epidemiological Triangle

A
  1. Agent
  2. Host
  3. Environment
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7
Q

True or False: Changing environment factors can reduce communicable disease risk

A

True

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8
Q

Reservoir

A

location where an agent lives and reproduces under normal circumstances

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9
Q

Source

A

location from which the organism is immediately transmitted to the host

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10
Q

Web of Causation

A

illustrates the complexity of the interaction of risk factors that leads to chronic disease

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11
Q

Which epidemiological model is useful in the development of interventions?

A

web of causation

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12
Q

Risk

A

the likelihood that health people exposed to a specific factor will acquire a specific disease

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13
Q

Rate

A
  • measures the frequency of health event in a defined population in a specific period of time
  • used to make comparisons
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14
Q

Calculating a Rate

A

Numerator: # of Events
Denominator: population size @ specific time period
multiplied by 1,000

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15
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

the extent of illness, injury, or disability in a defined population

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16
Q

Incidence Rate

A

describes the new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time

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17
Q

What are incidence rates used for?

A

detecting and monitoring acute disease

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18
Q

Attack Rate

A

incidence rate that documents the number of new cases in those exposed

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19
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

describes the number of ALL cases of a specific disease in a population in a given point in time

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20
Q

What influences the prevalence rate?

A
  • incidence rate (# of new cases)

- duration of the disease/condition

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21
Q

What happens to the prevalence rate when the incidence rate or duration of the disease/condition goes up?

A

increases

22
Q

How do epidemiologists collect data for mortality rate?

A

Death certificates that are filed in the state where the death occurred

23
Q

Mortality Rate can be broken down into…

A
  • crude death rate
  • age-specific
  • sex-specific
  • cause-specific
24
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

includes all deaths of children from the moment of birth to the 365th day of life

25
Q

Five Characteristics of an Infectious Agent

A
  1. infectivity
  2. pathogenicity
  3. virulence
  4. toxicity
  5. antigenicity
26
Q

Infectivity

A

ability to enter and multiply in a host

27
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to produce a specific clinical reaction after the infection occurs

28
Q

Virulence

A

ability to produce a severe pathological reaction

29
Q

Toxicity

A

ability to produce a poisonous reaction

30
Q

Antigenicity

A

ability to stimulate an immunological response

31
Q

Natural Immunity

A

innate; what you’re born with

32
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

gained by a previous natural exposure

33
Q

Active Immunity

A

administration of an antigen and the production of the antibody by the host

34
Q

Passive Immunity

A

transfer of an antibody from an immunized person to a non-immunized person

35
Q

Herd Immunity

A

the immunity of a group/community

36
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

passed from parent to infant through milk, placenta, sperm, or contact with vaginal canal at birth

37
Q

Horizontal Transmission

A

person-to-person spread

38
Q

Direct Transmission

A

immediate transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host or reservoir through physical contact

39
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

infection spread through indirect contact with a vehicle (food, water, fomites)

40
Q

Vector-borne Transmission

A

carriers of an infectious agent (Malria, Lyme Disease, Ebola)

41
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

infection spread through contaminated droplets in the air (TB, common cold, influenza, rubella, etc.)

42
Q

Chain of Transmission

A

Reservior (w/ portal of exit)
Mode of Transmission
Susceptible Host (w/ portal of entry)

43
Q

Stages of Development of Disease

A
  1. infection
  2. incubation period
  3. disease
  4. communicable period
44
Q

Development of Disease: Infection

A

entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in a susceptible host

45
Q

Development of Disease: Disease

A

showing symptoms caused by the agent; one possible outcome

46
Q

Development of Disease: Incubation Period

A

interval between the invasion of the infectious agent and the first signs and symptoms of disease

47
Q

Development of Disease: Communicable Period

A

interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from one infected person to another

48
Q

Endemic

A

disease is constantly present in a given area or population

49
Q

Epidemic

A

greater-than-normally expected occurrence of disease in a community or region

50
Q

Outbreak

A

similar to epidemic, but in a more limited geographic area and affecting a smaller amount of people

51
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic affecting large populations

52
Q

Statistics on Food Outbreaks

A

~1/6 Americans (48 million) become ill from food borne pathogens every year
~128,000 are hospitalized
~3,000 die

371 Final Exam (10 decks)

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