Health Surveillance II Flashcards
Salmonellosis: Signs & Symptoms
diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps
Salmonellosis: Treatment
not usually necessary
Salmonellosis: Prevention
proper food handling and preparation
Pertussis: Signs & Symptoms
First Stage: runny nose, low-grade fever, mild occasional cough
Progression: numerous, rapid coughs with the “whooping” sound, vomiting & exhaustion after coughing fits
Pertussis: Transmission
airborne droplets
Pertussis: Treatment
antibiotics
Pertussis: Prevention
Tdap & DTap vaccines, booster shots, hand-washing
MRSA: Signs & Symptoms
bump that is small, red, swollen, painful, and/or pus-filled; may have a fever
MRSA: Tranmission
direct and indirect contact
MRSA: Testing
tissue sample, nasal secretions
MRSA: Treatment
drain wounds, non-methicillin antibiotics
MRSA: Prevention
- hand/body hygiene
- keep wounds clean and covered
- avoid sharing personal items
- isolation
- PPE
- sanitize linnens and equipment
- shower after sporting events
Factors Associated with Healthcare-Associated MRSA
- Being hospitalized
- Placement of an invasive medical device
- Being in a long-term care facility
Factors Associated with Community-Associated MRSA
- Contact sports
- Living in crowded conditions
- Men having sex with men
TB: Signs & Symptoms
malaise, pleuritic pain, fatigue, anorexia, fever, night sweats, cough, hemoptysis, weight loss
TB: Transmission
airborne droplets
TB: Treatment
combinations of INH, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazminamide, or streptomycin
TB: Testing
PPD, chest x-ray, sputum sample
TB: Prevention
testing, BCG vaccine (high-risk countries), wearing a respirator
+ PPD Test: > or = 15 mm Induration
- no risk factors
- low prevalence population
+ PPD Test: > or = 10 mm Induration
- IV drug users
- arrival from a high-prevalence area
- residents & employees of high-risk areas
+ PPD Test: > or = 5 mm Induration
- HIV +
- recent TB exposure
- organ transplant recipient
HIV: Signs & Symptoms
- fever
- swollen glands
- sore throat
- rash
- fatigue
- muscle/join pain
- headache
- rapid weight loss
- flu-like symptoms
HIV: Transmission
bodily fluids
HIV: Treatment
combinations of multiple medications–nucleoside analogs, nonucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, MAC, antibacterials, antifungals, antiprotozoals, antivirals, antineoplastics, appetite stimulants, antiematics
HIV: Testing
- ELSA–HIV-1 sensitive
- Western Blot–even more sensitive to HIV-1
HIV: Prevention
- protected sex
- education
- testing
- PrEP
Increased viral load = decreased CD4 counts
Greater chance in progressing to AIDS in 3 years
Decreased viral load = increased CD4 count
Less than 2% chance of progressing to AIDS in 3 years
Stages of HIV
- Initial Exposure–asymptomatic
- Primary HIV Infection–acute infection; flu-like; develop antibodies in 6-12 weeks
- Clinical HIV/Asymptomatic HIV Infection–infectious, but no evidence of illness
- Advanced HIV Disease (AIDS)–opportunistic infections; CD4 is less than 50
Pneumocystis Carinnii
- HIV opportunistic infection
- fungal infection
- causes fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue
Candidiasis
- HIV opportunistic infection
- fungal infection
- affects mouth or the vagina
Karposi’s Sarcoma
- HIV opportunistic infection
- causes lesions on the body and in the mouth
Ebola: Signs & Symptoms
sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting and diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, internal and external bleeding
Ebola: Transmission
infected animals, bodily fluids, sexual contact, and other forms of direct contact
Ebola: Treatment
IV fluids and electrolytes, maintaining oxygen and blood pressure, treating other infections if they occur
Ebola: Prevention
reducing risk of wildlife-to-human transmission and human-to-human transmission, outbreak containment measures
Four Basic Environmental Principles
- everything is connected to everything else, but some things are connected more tightly (air and breathing)
- everything has to go somewhere (trash)
- the solution to pollution is dilution
- everything is constantly changing (shore lines)
I-PREPARE
I: investigate potential exposures P: present work R: residence E: environmental concerns P: past work A: activities R: referrals and resources E: educate
