Prebiotics, Microbiota-Nourishing Foods, and Synbiotics Flashcards

Question

HMOs uses?

Answer 1

Dysbiosis * targets Bifidobacterium almost exclusively IBS * in the 5g/d group, the only change was an increase in bifidobacteria * in the 10g/d group, there were increases in: * Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Prevotella and Parabacteroides

Answer 2

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) XOS are mixtures of oligosaccharides containing β-1,4- linked xylose residues * Naturally found in trace amounts in bamboo shoots, fruits, vegetables, and honey (Vazquez et al, 2000) * Commercially, generally made from agricultural residues

Answer 3

increased bacterial counts of Bifidobacterium (culturing) * reduction in stool pH – from 7.39 to 6.50 (P<0.05) * increase in fecal moisture – 71.1% to 78.9% (P<0.05) increased fecal concentrations of butyrate and β-glucuronidase Childs et al (2014) * 8g/d for 3 wks in healthy adults * increased mean bowel movements per day (P=0.009) * did not alter symptoms of bloating, abdominal pain, or flatulence * improved self-reported vitality (P=0.003) and happiness (P=0.004) * increased populations of Bifidobacterium Finegold et al (2014) * 1.4g or 2.8g/d for 8 wks in healthy adults * both grps had significant increases in Bifidobacterium populations, with a clear dose response noted * no changes in Lactobacillus, Clostridium, or Enterobacteriaceae populations * increased levels of Bacteroides fragilis in the 2.8g/d grp * No changes in stool pH or SCFA concentrations in stool Lin et al (2016) * 1.2g/d for 6 wks in healthy adults * increased bacterial counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (culturing) * reduction in Clostridium perfringens populations * no changes in coliforms (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella, etc…

Answer 4

* Dysbiosis * lack of bifidobacteria * low levels of Bacteroides * Constipation * Pregnant women with severe constipation (n=29) (Tateyama et al, 2005) * 4.2g XOS per day for 4 wks * stool frequency increased from 1.1/wk at baseline to 5.3/wk at the end of week 1, 5.9/wk by week 2, 6.2/wk by week 3, and 6.7/wk by the end of week 4 * improvements in distension, bloating and abdominal pain * no side effects reported Diabetes Support (Sheu et al, 2008) * R, DB, PC trial; n=26 patients with diabetes * 4g/d XOS or placebo for 8wks

Answer 5

Partially-Hydrolysed Guar Gum (PHGG) * Natural dietary fibre with prebiotic-like qualities * Derived from the guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) via controlled enzymatic hydrolysis * Used in the treatment of a number of GIT disorders * diarrhoea of many causes; functional constipation; SIBO; IBS

Answer 6

* increases in populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus * no significant changes in yeast, mold, Bacteroides or Enterobacteraceae populations * reduction in beta-glucuronidase activity and stool ammonia levels * reduction in stool pH – from 6.15 to 5.77 * increases in the amount of bacterial butyrate-producing genes in the stool and concentrations of butyrate producers * Clostridium coccoides group, the Roseburia/ Eubacterium rectale group, Eubacterium hallii, and butyrate-producing bacterium SS2/1 * Yasukawa et al (2019) * 5g/d in healthy subjects (with a tendency towards softer stools – Bristol types 5 and 6) for 3 months * stool form normalised with treatment (e.g., moved towards Type 4) * increased populations of: * Bifidobacterium * Ruminococcus * Megasphaera * decreased populations of: * Bacteroides Kapoor et al (2020) * 6g/d in healthy athletes for 4 wks * significant reduction in diarrhea episodes with use * significant increase in bifidobacteria * decreases in both Bacteroides and Prevotella populations

Answer 7

* Dysbiosis * lack of butyrate-producing species * lack of bifidobacteria * lack of lactobacilli (larger doses only) * To enhance butyrate generation in the colon * IBS * Systematic review of PHGG in IBS trials (Hawrelak & Whitten, 2016) * all 9 studies produced positive findings * improvements in IBS symptoms and bowel pattern * improvements in mood and QoL * improvements noted in all sub-types of IBS Autism Spectrum Disorder * defecation frequency improved from 1.3/wk to 2.8/wk (P<0.01) * Aberrant Behaviour Checklist – significant improvement in irritability subscale (P<0.01) * increase in butyrate-producing bacterial species * Acidaminococcus, Blautia, & Fusicatenibacter * decreases in Streptococcus, Alistipes, and Bacteroides * reduction in serum inflammatory markers * IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (P=0.07 Constipation (Kapoor et al, 2017) * systematic review and meta-analysis found PHGG effective in improving fecal defecation frequency, fecal volume, fecal weight, and fecal moisture content * 5-7g/d generally enough to work, but it looked like higher doses were likely more effective Skin hydration (Kapoor et al, 2023) * R, OL trial in healthy subjects (n=49) * 12 wks supplementation with PHGG (either 6g or 12g/d) * both doses significantly improved skin hydration by helping to maintain consistent moisture levels in the surface skin stratum corneum Ileostomy support (Ho et al, 2022) * n=29 patients post-op colorectal cancer with ileostomies * 7.6g PHGG/d * Improved fertility outcomes in females with infertility (Komiya et al, 2020) * 12 patients received combined therapy comprising embryo transfer by assisted reproductive technology and oral supplementation with PHGG (10g/d) for 4 wks * the success of pregnancy by this combined therapy was 58.3% (7/12) * usual success rate is ~36% * Immune support * Influenza prevention (Takahashi & Kozawa, 2021) * retrospective study comparing hospitalised patients taking daily PHGG and those not over a 2-month period Immune support * reduction of cold-like symptoms (Sakai et al 2022) * R, DB, PC trial in healthy adults (n=96) * 12 wks supplementation with either placebo or 5.2g PHGG * Cold-like symptoms assessed by a symptom diary Metabolic dysfunction * reduction in waist circumference and glycated Hb (HbA1c) after 6 wks taking 10g/d (Dall’Alba et al, 2013) * 6g with each main meal (so 18g/d) for 12 months (Kapoor et al, 2016) * significantly lowered the postprandial plasma glucose, reduced both the fasting and postprandial insulin and TG levels (all P=0.05) * LDL was lower and HDL levels higher (P<0.01). * plasma leptin, hs-CRP and fasting glucagon like peptide were also decreased Promotion of Satiety (Rao et al, 2015) * induces both acute and longer-term satiety * reduces energy intake from snacking Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO) (Furnari et al, 2012) * colonic and small bowel Diarrhea * athlete’s diarrhea (runners diarrhea) (Kapoor et al, 2020) * healthy people with softer stools (Type 5-6) (Yasukawa et al, 2019) * sugar alcohol-induced diarrhea (Nakamura et al, 2007) Pediatric functional abdominal pain (Romano et al, 2013)

Answer 8

Acacia fiber, PHGG, HMOs and to a lesser degree, GOS

Answer 9

Commonly used fibre supplements, such as slippery elm, pectin, psyllium husks, flaxseeds should all be considered colonic foods or microbiome-nourishing fibres, not prebiotics, as they are utilised by a wide number of different bacterial species in the bowel

Answer 10

Some foods have demonstrated the ability to promote the growth of beneficial species of bacteria * although their effects may not be as specific as with prebiotics

Answer 11

Synbiotics are: a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host

Answer 12

* does the product use well-characterised and researched probiotic strains? * does the “prebiotic” substance meet the requirements to be truly considered a prebiotic?; * has the “prebiotic” been demonstrated to enhance the growth of the exact probiotic strain(s) contained in the product? * are both agents included in therapeutic doses?

Answer 13

GOS, lactulose and FOS, but is unable to use lactitol

Answer 14

e lactulose, lactitol or FOS

Answer 15

* Postbiotics are byproducts of the fermentation process carried out by probiotics in the intestine * Non-viable metabolites produced by probiotics that exert biological effects on the host * Also called “short chain fatty acids” * Postbiotics are bioactive compounds made when the healthy bacteria in your gut… feed on various types of prebiotic food in your colon, such as fiber * The term is inconsistently used and lacks a clear definition