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PLSC 330 > Pre-Test #1 > Flashcards

Pre-Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gymnosperm

A

‘naked seed’
wind pollinated
held to the surface of a cone scale or structure NOT enclosed in an ovary of a flower that becomes a fruit.

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2
Q

Conifers

A

woody plants
gymnosperms
female and male reproductive structures in separate cones or strobili rather than flowers

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3
Q

Coniferous trees and shrubs

A

Typically bear both female and male cones on the same plant= monoecious

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4
Q

Strobile

A

a cone or inflorescence resembling a cone

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5
Q

Angiosperm

A

flowering plants.
Classified into two major groups monocotyledons and eudicotyledons.
Seeds are enclosed in an ovary of a flower that becomes a fruit.
Monoecious, dioecious or perfect

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6
Q

Taxonomy

A

the systematic classification, naming, and identification of plants.

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7
Q

Genus Specific epithet

A

species

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8
Q

Genus

A

one or more related species that are more like each other than to other species

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9
Q

Specific Epithet

A

often descriptive (morphology, location, person, colour, etc.)

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10
Q

Species

A

A classification of related organisms sharing common characteristics species presumably come from a single ancestral population.

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11
Q

Within the species

A

Variety, cultivars, hybrid and common names

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12
Q

Variety

A

naturally occuring population, not selected by someone

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13
Q

Cultivars

A

selected/bred by someone- they may or may not be true breeding

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14
Q

Hybrid

A

can arise naturally or artificially by crossing between species (interspecific) or genera (intergeneric)

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15
Q

Genus- Abies

A

Common name- Fir

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16
Q

Genus- Juniperus

A

Common name- Juniper

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17
Q

Genus- Larix

A

Common name- Larch

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18
Q

Genus- Pinus

A

Common name- Pine

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19
Q

Genus- Picea

A

Common name- Spruce

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20
Q

Genus- Thuja

A

Common name- Cedar

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21
Q

Genus- Ulmus

A

Common name- Elm

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22
Q

Genus- Fraxinus

A

Common name- Ash

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23
Q

Genus- Betula

A

Common name- Birch

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24
Q

Genus- Populus

A

Common name- Poplar

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25
Q

Genus- Aesculus

A

Common name- Buckeye

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26
Q

Genus- Acer

A

Common name- Maple

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27
Q

Genus- Sambucus

A

Common name- Elder

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28
Q

Genus- Alnus

A

Common name- Alder

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29
Q

Genus- Salix

A

Common name- Willow

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30
Q

Genus- Elaeagnus

A

Common name- Oleaster

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31
Q

Genus- Quercus

A

Common name- oak

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32
Q

Genus- Tillia

A

Common name- Linden

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33
Q

Genus- Celtis

A

Common name- Hackberry

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34
Q

Genus- Crataegus

A

Common name- Hawthorn

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35
Q

Genus- Sorbus

A

Common name- Mountain Ash

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36
Q

Genus- Caragana

A

Common name- Caragana

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37
Q

Genus- Halimodendron

A

Common name- Siberian Salt Bush

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38
Q

Genus- Cornus

A

Common name- Dogwood

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39
Q

Genus- Physocarpus

A

Common name- Ninebark

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40
Q

Genus- Forsythia

A

Common name- Forsythia

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41
Q

Genus- Berberis

A

Common name- Berberis

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42
Q

Genus- Cotoneaster

A

Common name- Cotoneaster

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43
Q

Genus- Mahonia

A

Common name- Oregon Grape

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44
Q

Genus- Euonymus

A

Common name- Burning bush

45
Q

Genus- Symphoricarpos

A

Common name- Western snowberry

46
Q

Genus- Prinsepia

A

Common name- Cherry Prinsepia

47
Q

Genus- Viburnum

A

Common name- High Bush Cranberry

48
Q

Significance of trees and shrubs

A

Ecosystem and biodiversity
Urban community
Tourism

49
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A

Caused by 2 species of fungus- block xylem and phloem.
Spread by bark beetles or contaminated pruning equipment

50
Q

Urban community social benefits

A

Create gathering areas and a sense of community.
Reduce stress and improve mental health
Reduce exposure to UV by providing shade and absorbing up to 95% UV radiation
Reduce recovery time after surgery
Lower blood pressure

51
Q

Economic benefits of urban community

A

Increase property values as much as 20%
Attract and maintain business and tourism
Moderate temperatures and reduce energy needs for heating and cooling.

52
Q

Tourism- General Sherman example

A

2 millions ppl/year
Biggest tree on earth by volume
2200 years old
Important for local economy

53
Q

What- planting trees

A

Design elements and diversity: line, texture, colour, form. genetic diversity

54
Q

Where- planting trees

A

bad for infrastructure bad for the tree

55
Q

How- planting trees

A

Right season: spring or fall
Bare root vs. container (more common)
Bare root=spring
Container=spring or fall, more flexible
Check for root/pot bound-loosen/cut
Check soil texture and structure-amend is needed- peat alternatives: compost, coconut coir, hulls, etc.

56
Q

Peatmoss harvesting

A

an ecological disaster
peat takes hundreds of years to form, it is not being sustainably harvested.

57
Q

Planting depth

A

Grafted vs own root
Grafter= graft union below soil surface
Own root= same depth as their container

58
Q

Planting: Aftercare

A

water well
nutrients- especially important in rapidly growing/young plants
woody plants are slow to take up fertilizers- opt for a foliar applied product when a symptom is urgent

59
Q

How to identify a tree

A

1) ID book groupings
2) Botanical keys
3)Morphology

60
Q

1) Groups

A

Based on leaf shape and arrangement
Use ID key to find the group
Then find the genus within that group through visual images and descriptions
Then look at the descriptions/drawings/images to find the species
Pros: Easy to use
Con: Specific to ID books

61
Q

2) Botanical Keys

A

Pro: simple to use
Con: often too simplified
Dichotomous- general>specific

62
Q

3) Morphology

A

Often used for identification in the field.
Based on external distinctive traits: form, colour, shape, buds, leaves, fruits, cones, etc.

63
Q

Why do we care about identifying what the plant is?

A

Diagnosing problems
Identifying suitable growing conditions
Selecting proper plant for the specific site
For the curious

64
Q

Evergreen

A

can be trees or shrubs
Narrow-leaved and broad-leaved

65
Q

Deciduous

A

can be trees or shrubs
narrow-leaved and broad-leaved

66
Q

Coniferous

A

cone bearing (fleshy or dry)
Not always evergreens; larch (larix)

67
Q

stems

A

last season’s growth

68
Q

twig

A

current years growth

69
Q

bud arrangement

A

alternate, opposite, whorled, sub-opposite

70
Q

pith

A

is the central part of stems; can be solid, hollow or chambered

71
Q

bud scars

A

when the leaf falls off

72
Q

catkin

A

spike-like inflorescence found only in some woody dicots (willow, birch, poplar, oak)

73
Q

thorns

A

stiff, modified branch; hawthorn

74
Q

spines

A

modified leaves or stipules; barberry, caragana

75
Q

prickles

A

sharp outgrowth of the epidermis or bark; rose

76
Q

Inter-Regional Climates

A

large areas of landmass grouped by defining features ex) the prairies (AB, SK, MB)

77
Q

Intra-regional climate

A

the variation within the inter-regional ex) boreal forest in the north, grassland in the south (central saskatchewan)

78
Q

Mesoclimate

A

small area but larger than a microclimate, influenced by proximity to a body of water or existence within a dense urban center (saskatoon, varsity view)

79
Q

microclimate

A

the climate of the immediate surrounding. Influenced by other plants and infrastructure (next to a west facing fence and pine trees)

80
Q

Adaptation

A

an evolutionary developed traits- primarily genetic-irreversible in the organisms lifespan

81
Q

Modification

A

ability to change during development as a response to the environment-irreversible

82
Q

reversible adjustments are known as

A

acclimation or physiological adjustments

83
Q

Paradormancy

A

inhibition of bud growth due to internal factors outside of the bud (e.g. apical dominance)

84
Q

Endodormancy

A

inhibition of bud growth due to internal factors within the bud itself (true dormancy or rest)

85
Q

Ecodormancy

A

inhibition of bud growth due to environmental factors (e.g. low temperatures)

86
Q

Dormancy- response to environmental cues

A

photoperiod
temperature
drought

87
Q

dormancy is essentially a condition of the meristem

A

Step 1: phytochromes in leaves detect environmental cue (photoperiod)
Step 2: GA is downregulated- Cessation of elongation growth
Step 3: Re-direction of organ development- leaf primordia>bud scales
Step 4: Acclimation to cold and dehydration: suppression of meristematic activity, mediated by hormone signaling pathways

88
Q

Phytochromes

A

Proteins present in the leaves.
Control photoperiodic induction of vegetative bud set, growth cessation, dormancy induction and cold hardiness
PHYA and PHYB are most important in dormancy

89
Q

GA (Gibberelic Acid) reduction

A

GA19 to GA20 blocked prior to bud set
Localization: 5-10 mm below apical meristem
GA are involved in cell elongation, reducing them stops growth

90
Q

Bud Scales

A

Primordia–>bud scales
Hormone mediated (ABA, ethylene and GA)

91
Q

When does dormancy occur?

A

After terminal bud set in trees

92
Q

Acclimation

A

Once dormant, the ability to survive freezing temperatures depends on the ability to cold acclimate.
Cold acclimation

93
Q

Cold Acclimation

A

the process by which plants actively undergo changes in gene expression and biochemistry that enhance their ability to withstand low temperature and dessication stress.
Actively growing plants cannot cold acclimate.
Plants severely depleted in photosynthate cannot cold acclimate.

94
Q

Cold Acclimation levels

A

1) Dormancy induction
2) Low Temp. 1st Acclimation
3) Freeze 2nd Acclimation

95
Q

Dormancy induction

A

Short day photoperiod: small amount of freezing tolerance acquired

96
Q

Low Temp 1st Acclimation

A

Temperatures above freezing but below 10 degrees is the first step in cold acclimation

97
Q

Freeze 2nd acclimation

A

Cellular dehydration leading to maximum freezing tolerance

98
Q

What is the signal to induce growth cessation?

A

Short days- via phytochromes

99
Q

What is the organ which perceives the signal and transmits it to the bud?

A

The leaf

100
Q

What mediates the signal?

A

Reduction of GA

101
Q

Global warming problem in tree dormancy:

A

insufficient chilling temperatures: uneven/reduced bud break in spring, uneven shoot growth in spring
Slow shut down of growth in the fall; not enough time to prepare for winter

102
Q

Phenology:

A

the study of the timing of annual developmental stages in relation to climate: date of flowering, date of leaf drop, date of bud set, date of bud burst, etc.

103
Q

International Phenological Gardens (IPG)

A

26 species
Genetically identical plants
Genotype x environment: remove genotype and we are looking at just environment
Data collected over a 45 yr period
Onset of spring

104
Q

Diverse Genotypes x Diverse Environment=

A

Ecotype

105
Q

Ecotypes

A

Same species, but not genetically identical

106
Q

Chilling requirement

A

the period of low temp that is necessary to permit 100% of the buds to break species dependent

107
Q

Stratification

A

the process in which a seed is exposed to moist, cold or warm conditions in order to break dormancy.

108
Q

Vernalization requirement

A

(floral promotion in spring)
the process by which prolonged exposure to cold temperatures promotes flowering

109
Q
A

PLSC 330 (21 decks)

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