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GEOL131A > Pre-Final Leaks > Flashcards

Pre-Final Leaks Flashcards

1
Q

What is deformation in geological terms?

A

The bending, breaking, or flowing of rocks in response to stress

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2
Q

What mainly causes deformation in the Earth’s crust?

A

Horizontal movements of plates

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3
Q

What is stress in geological terms?

A

The force applied per unit area producing deformation

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4
Q

What are the two main types of deformation?

A

Brittle and ductile deformation

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5
Q

Which type of deformation involves cracking and breaking of rocks?

A

Confining deformation

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6
Q

What structures are produced by brittle deformation?

A

Joints and faults

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7
Q

How are joints different from faults?

A

Faults involve appreciable displacement, while joints do not

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8
Q

What type of fault involves the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall?

A

Normal fault

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9
Q

How do domes differ from basins in terms of rock layers?

A

Domes have older rocks at the center, basins have younger rocks.

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10
Q

What is the main difference between anticlines and synclines?

A

Anticlines are upward bulges, synclines are downward troughs

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11
Q

What is the primary purpose of dating in geology?

A

Determining the age of geologic events

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12
Q

Which type of dating places rocks in proper sequence of formation without specifying the exact time?

A

Relative dating

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13
Q

According to the Law of Superposition, what can be inferred about undisturbed strata?

A

Each layer is younger than the one below and older than the one above

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14
Q

What does the Law of Original Horizontality state?

A

Sediments form strata horizontally

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15
Q

If one geologic feature cuts across another, what can be inferred?

A

The feature that cuts is older

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16
Q

What are inclusions in rocks, and what does their presence indicate?

A

Fragments of another tock, older than the rock containing them

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17
Q

What is the purpose of Foxall Succession?

A

Identifying rock types ?

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18
Q

What is an unconformity in geology?

A

A gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition

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19
Q

Among the types of unconformities, which one involves strata with different dip angles?

A

Angular unconformity

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20
Q

What is the main principle of Absolute Dating?

A

Specifying numerical ages of geologic events

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21
Q

What are Isotopes in the context of geology?

A

Elements with the same atomic number but different atomic mass

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22
Q

What is the process of change undergone by unstable radioactive isotopes to become more stable?

A

Radioactive decay

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23
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Remains or traces of prehistoric life

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24
Q

What are the three requirements for fossilization?

A

Rapid bural, presence of protective cover, possession of hard parts or durable tissues

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25
Q

If one geologic feature cuts across another, what can be inferred?

A

The feature that cuts is older

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26
Q

What are inclusions in rocks, and what does their presence indicate?

A

Fragments of another rock; older than the rock containing them

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27
Q

What is the purpose of Fossil Succession?

A

Identifying rock types ?

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28
Q

What is an unconformity in geology?

A

A gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition

29
Q

Among the types of unconformities, which one involves strata with different dip angles?

A

Angular unconformity

30
Q

What is the main principle of Absolute Dating?

A

Specifying numerical ages of geologic events

31
Q

What are isotopes in the context of geology?

A

Elements with the same atomic number but different atomic mass

32
Q

What is the process of change undergone by unstable radioactive isotopes to become more stable?

A

Radioactive decay

33
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Remains or traces of prehistoric life

34
Q

What are the three requirements for fossilization?

A

Rapid burial, presence of protective cover, possession of hard parts or durable tissues

35
Q

What does the Geologic Time
Scale (GTS) represent?

A

A division of the whole geologic history

36
Q

What is the Precambrian Eon-divided into?

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

37
Q

Under the Phanerozoic Eon, what are the three eras?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

38
Q

In the Paleozoic Era, what is the oldest period?

A

Cambrian

39
Q

Which era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods?

A

Mesozoic

40
Q

In the Cenozoic Era, which period includes the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs?

A

Quaternary Period

41
Q

The Precambrian Eon is divided into the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozole eras.

A

T

42
Q

The Mesozoic Era includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods.

A

F

43
Q

Ductile deformation involves cracking and breaking of rocks.

A

F

44
Q

Joints involve appreciable displacement, while faults do not.

A

F

45
Q

Normal faults are associated with compressional stress.

A

F

46
Q

Anticlines are upward bulges, while synclines are downward troughs.

A

T

47
Q

Deformation factors include temperature, pressure, deformation rate, and rock composition.

A

T ?

48
Q

Folds and basins are structures produced by ductile deformation.

A

T

49
Q

Faults and folds are important for indicating areas of potential earthquakes.

A

F ?

50
Q

Isotopes are elements with different atomic numbers.

A

F

51
Q

Relative dating provides numerical ages for geologic events.

A

F

52
Q

The Law of Original Horizontality states that sediments forming strata are originally deposited vertically.

A

F

53
Q

The Law of Lateral Continuity suggests that sediments are deposited laterally and continuousty in all directions.

A

T

54
Q

Inclusions are always older than the rocks that contain them.

A

T

55
Q

Fossil Succession refers to the vertical succession of rocks in a specific order.

A

T

56
Q

Unconformities represent periods of rapid deposition.

A

F

57
Q

An angular unconformity involves strata with the same dip angles.

A

F

58
Q

Radioactive decay is the process of changing stable isotopes into unstable ones.

A

F

59
Q

Fossilization requires slow burial, absence of a protective cover, and possession of soft tissues.

A

F

60
Q

The Geologic Time Scale (GTS) divides Earth’s history based on temperature variations.

A

F ?

61
Q

Why are faults and folds important in geology?

A

They indicate areas of potential earthquakes

62
Q

What are the three main types of unconformities?

A

Angular, Nonconformity, Disconformity

63
Q

Which era includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs?

A

Cenozoic Era

64
Q

What primarily causes deformation in rocks?

A

horizontal movements of plates

65
Q

Which factor is not a deformation factor influencing rock deformation?

A

Temperature

66
Q

What structures are produced by ductile deformation?

A

Folds, basins, domes

67
Q

What type of fault involves the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall?

A

Reverse Fault

68
Q

What is the main difference between a syncline and an anticline?

A

Shape and orientation

GEOL131A (10 decks)

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