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GEOL131A > Midterm Leaks > Flashcards

Midterm Leaks Flashcards

1
Q

What type of metamorphism involves no change in temperature or pressure but only shearing
forces?

A

DYNAMIC

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2
Q

What term describes the degree to which a clast resembles a sphere?

A

SPHERICITY

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3
Q

What is the mineralogical term for minerals that transform to another mineral with the same
composition but different crystal structure?

A

PHASE CHANGE

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4
Q

What type of metamorphic rock is characterized by alternating bands of dark and lightcolored
minerals?

A

GNEISS

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5
Q

What is the term for the Intensity of metamorphism classified based on temperature and
pressure conditions?

A

METAMORPHIC GRADE

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6
Q

What is the Latin word meaning “fire,” from which the term igneous is derived?

A

IGNIS

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7
Q

What aspect of igneous rocks is based on size, shape, arrangement, and degree of
crystallinity?

A

TEXTURE

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8
Q

What term is used for large igneous bodies located deep beneath the Earth’s surface?

A

PLUTONS

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9
Q

What is the term for a nearly vertical structure that cuts across pre-existing layering?

A

DIKE

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10
Q

What term describes a nearly horizontal structure Injected between pre- existing layering?

A

SILL

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11
Q

What is the name for a dome-shaped intrusion?

A

LACCOLITH

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12
Q

What process do sediments undergo to become sedimentary rocks?

A

COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION

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13
Q

What combination of processes breaks up and corrodes solid rock, transforming it into
sediments?

A

WEATHERING

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14
Q

What is the weathering type that breaks solid rocks Into grains or chunks of clasts?

A

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

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15
Q

What are rocks or sediments modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic
material and rainwater suitable for plant growth called?

A

SOIL

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16
Q

How would you classify a lenticular Intrusion with a depressed central region?

A

LOPOLITH

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17
Q

What is the term for angular clasts greater than 64 mm in size?

A

BLOCKS

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18
Q

How would you describe rounded clasts greater than 64 mm in size?

A

BOMBS

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19
Q

What term describes igneous rocks that are 2-64 mm in diameter?

A

LAPILLI

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20
Q

What happens to sediments when they are squeezed closer together?

A

COMPACTION

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21
Q

At what depth range would you typically find a batholith?

A

> 100 km²

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22
Q

What term describes a crystal form with complets crystal faces?

A

EUHEDRAL

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23
Q

What process involves sediments being subjected to increasingly high temperatures and
pressures and undergoing chemical changes over time?

A

BURIAL

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24
Q

In sedimentary rock classification, what type consists of carbon-rich relics of living
organisms such as plants formed by accumulation and lithification?

A

ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY

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25
Q

In sedimentary rock classification, what type consists of minerals formed by Inorganic
precipitation from water solutions?

A

CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY

26
Q

What term describes a crystal form with no observable crystal faces?

A

ANHEDRAL

27
Q

It is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

A

IGNEOUS ROCK

28
Q

A mixture of molten and semi-molten rock formed beneath the surface of the Earth?

A

MAGMA

29
Q

Classification of rock that is based on the size, shape, arrangement, and degree of
crystallinity.

A

TEXTURE

30
Q

Another classification of rock that determines the percentage of dark-colored and
light-colored minerals?

A

COMPOSITION

31
Q

Potassium feldspar, quartz & blotite, and muscovite are the minerals present in what type of
Igneous composition?

A

SILICIC

32
Q

It is a fragment of rock erupted by a volcano.

A

PYROCLASTIC

33
Q

What type of rock is Komatite?

A

EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

34
Q

What is characterized by repetitive layering due to preferred mineral orientation?

A

FOLIATION

35
Q

What process involves the transformation of existing rock into a rock with a different mineral
composition?

A

METAMORPHISM

36
Q

What process occurs through compaction and cementation, resulting in the formation of
sedimentary rock?

A

DIAGENESIS

37
Q

What is the force applied In a particular direction?

A

DIFFERENTIAL STRESS

38
Q

What is the force applied equally in all directions?

A

CONFINING STRESS

39
Q

What plays a critical role in determining which minerals occur within a metamorphic rock?

A

TEMPERATURE

40
Q

What is the term for Igneous rocks that are <2 mm in diameter?

A

ASH

41
Q

What term refers to glassy fragments in igneous rocks?

A

VITRIC

42
Q

How are terms like ultramafic, mafic, and felsic classified?

A

BY COLOR

43
Q

What is the force applied to a rock?

A

STRESS

44
Q

What type of metamorphism occurs along convergent plate boundaries that have high
pressure?

A

REGIONAL/DYNAMOTHERMAL

45
Q

What metamorphic process involves chemical and mineral composition alteration of rocks by
reactions with hydrothermal fluids?

A

METASOMATISM

46
Q

What process refers to the formation of new metamorphic mineral crystals?

A

NEOCRYSTALLIZATION

47
Q

What is a metamorphic process that involves a change in grain shape and size only?

A

RECRYSTALLIZATION

48
Q

What are metamorphic rocks that lack foliation referred to as?

A

GRANOBLASTIC

49
Q

What refers to the referred orientation of large mica-flakes within a metamorphic rock?

A

SCHISTOSITY

50
Q

What plays a critical role in determining which mineral occurs within a metamorphic rock?

A

TEMPERATURE

51
Q

What type of rock formed from the metamorphism of limestone?

A

MARBLE

52
Q

What are unconsolidated deposits called?

A

SEDIMENTS

53
Q

What process removes and transports soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on
the Earth’s crust?

A

EROSION

54
Q

What process Involves minerals precipitating from groundwater at pores and binding
sediment together through cements?

A

CEMENTATION

55
Q

What are relics of past life left on bedding surfaces called?

A

FOSSILS

56
Q

What is the textural change to a pre-existing “parent rock” or protolith referred to as?

A

METAMORPHISM

57
Q

What geological feature forms when mud dries up after deposition, resulting in polygonal
patterns on the surface?

A

MUD CRACKS

58
Q

What is the increase in temperature with increasing depth in Earth’s interior called?

A

GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT

59
Q

What term describes the distribution of grain size of sediments?

A

SORTING

60
Q

What controls a rock’s porosity and permeability?

A

FABRIC

GEOL131A (10 decks)

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