Pre-Assessment

Question 1

At which developmental stage would a child be expected to tie shoes?

A) Primary school
B) Preschool age
C) Toddler age
D) Sensorimotor stage

Answer 1

A) Primary School

Question 2

How does female growth differ than male growth during the adolescent stage?

A) Females usually complete physical growth before males.
B) Females generally begin puberty growth after males.
C) Females experience growth spurts later than males.
D) Females show physical signs of puberty after males.

Answer 2

A) Females usually complete physical growth before males.

Question 3

Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the early childhood physical development stage?

A) Prints name
B) Wears roller skates
C) Writes in cursive
D) Dribbles a basketball

Answer 3

A) Prints name

Question 4

Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the middle childhood physical development stage?

A) Refining of motor coordination
B) Learning to use fine motor skills
C) Reaching peak motor reaction time
D) Declining gross motor skills

Answer 4

A) Refining of motor coordination

Question 5

According to Piaget, what is an important accomplishment at the preoperational stage?

A) Conserving mass and weight
B) Thinking symbolically
C) Testing hypotheses
D) Thinking logically

Answer 5

B) Thinking symbolically

Question 6

A student understands that a deflated balloon can be inflated with air.

According to Piaget, which cognitive level is this student demonstrating?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational

Answer 6

C) Concrete operational

Question 7

According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher do to help a student move through the zone of proximal development?

A) Provide instructional scaffolding
B) Provide instruction at the current level
C) Encourage self-direction activities
D) Encourage discovery learning

Answer 7

A) Provide instructional scaffolding

Question 8

Which behavior would Piaget classify as characteristic of the concrete operational cognitive development stage?

A) Explaining the commutative property in addition
B) Explaining the concept of religious freedom
C) Using theorems to develop geometric proofs
D) Providing evidence to prove a thesis statement

Answer 8

A) Explaining the commutative property in addition

Question 9

According to Vygotsky’s theory, which child is experiencing learning from “a more knowledgeable other?”

A) A child reading a story to a younger sister
B) A child watching parents brush their teeth
C) A child playing a game with a sibling
D) A child practicing spelling words with a friend

Answer 9

B) A child watching parents brush their teeth

Question 10

According to Kohlberg, which behavior is characteristic of the final stage of his moral development theory?

A) Justifying a moral decision on the basis of self-chosen principles even when there is a conflict with official rules and laws
B) Maintaining individual rights in making moral decisions; when individual rights are compromised, options should be studied
C) Following social rules and laws because the individual believes social order is worth preserving
D) Acting on the promise of rewards and the threat of punishment; morality is externally controlled

Answer 10

A) Justifying a moral decision on the basis of self-chosen principles even when there is a conflict with official rules and laws

Question 11

Because of circumstances, an individual seeks medical advice to remove a parent from life support.

According to Gilligan, which moral stage of development is represented by this scenario?

A) Postconventional
B) Law-and-order orientation
C) Postoperational
D) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 11

A) Postconventional

Question 12

During which age range does Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage of psychosocial development usually occur?

A) 1 to 3 years
B) 5 to 12 years
C) 12 to 18 years
D) 18 to 40 years

Answer 12

B) 5 to 12 years

Question 13

According to Bandura, which factor can affect reproduction?

A) Sensory capabilities
B) Symbolic coding
C) Traditional behaviorism
D) Physical capabilities

Answer 13

D) Physical capabilities

Question 14

According to B. F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning, what is an example of negative reinforcement?

A) Removing a restriction if a student pays attention in class
B) Giving a student a prize for turning in an assignment early
C) Calling a student’s parents to report poor classroom behavior
D) Assigning a student an extra page of homework for being late

Answer 14

A) Removing a restriction if a student pays attention in class

Question 15

What is identified with the babbling stage of the language development process?

A) Repeating vowel sounds
B) Creating one-word phrases
C) Using single modifiers
D) Mimicking phrase syntax

Answer 15

A) Repeating vowel sounds

Question 16

Which action characterizes the holophrastic stage of language development?

A) Uttering single words
B) Repeating vowel and consonant sounds
C) Using basic prepositions
D) Mastering syllable stress patterns

Answer 16

A) Uttering single words

Question 17

A student is able to make a sentence with a subject, verb, and object.

Which stage of language development is this student in?

A) Telegraphic
B) Holophrastic
C) Two-word
D) Babbling

Answer 17

A) Telegraphic

Question 18

A fifth-grade student is having difficulty listening and retaining information. The teacher notices that the student looks pale and has brittle hair and nails.

Which physical barrier is likely affecting this student’s learning and performance?

A) Nutrition
B) Sleep
C) Stress
D) Hearing

Answer 18

A) Nutrition

Question 19

A fourth-grade student complains of headaches, stomach pain, and nausea. The teacher notices the student seems anxious and has difficulty focusing.

Based on this information, which barrier is likely affecting this student’s learning and performance?

A) Poverty
B) Stress
C) Poor nutrition
D) Sleep deprivation

Answer 19

B) Stress

Question 20

A high school teacher notices a sudden drop in a student’s grades and a change in the way the student dresses for school.

Which developmental barrier is likely affecting this student’s performance?

A) Retention difficulties
B) Theoretical conceptualization
C) Peer pressure
D) Analytical miscues

Answer 20

C) Peer pressure

Question 21

While solving a multistep math problem, a student forgets the second and third steps while implementing the first. During reading, the student often forgets what was at the beginning of the paragraph before reaching the end of a paragraph.

Which memory deficit is likely affecting this student’s learning and performance?

A) Working memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Long-term memory storage
D) Long-term memory retrieval

Question 22

A fourth-grade student frequently says sentences that do not make sense, has trouble learning new words, and often repeats phrases when telling a story or answering questions. The teacher notices the student confuses verb tenses and uses “um,” “stuff,” and “things” when speaking rather than more specific words.

Which type of barrier is likely affecting this student’s learning?

A) Cognitive impairment
B) Autism
C) Language disorder
D) Dyslexia

Answer 22

C) Language disorder

Question 23

Due to family circumstances, a high-performing student suffers from inadequate sleep.

Which learning and performance impact would be consistent with the student in this scenario?

A) Decreased ability to focus
B) Decreased rate in physical growth
C) Decreased ability to classify and organize
D) Decreased rate of language acquisition

Answer 23

A) Decreased ability to focus

Question 24

An extremely intelligent middle school student does not complete work, is suspicious of those who want to be friendly, and is very judgmental of others. A teacher hears the student speak about hating the school and refers the student to the guidance counselor for poor self-esteem.

How does poor self-esteem affect learning and performance?

A) It decreases the willingness to take risks.
B) It promotes positive peer relationships.
C) It initiates gender discrimination.
D) It increases emotional balance and maturity.

Answer 24

A) It decreases the willingness to take risks.

Question 25

Even in the heat, a somewhat withdrawn student wears long sleeves and pants. As a victim of abuse, this student fears being required to have anything signed by a parent.

How does child abuse influence learning and performance?

A) It increases self-isolation and the fear of reprimand.
B) It increases chances to develop learning disabilities.
C) It increases independence and motivation.
D) It increases control of emotional response.

Answer 25

A) It increases self-isolation and the fear of reprimand.

Question 26

A second-grade student is argumentative and defiant and engages in passive-aggressive behaviors such as giving a peer a hug or high five that causes pain. The teacher notices the student bullying other students on the playground.

In which area of development is this student struggling?

A) Physical
B) Social-emotional
C) Cognitive
D) Language

Answer 26

B) Social-emotional

Question 27

An eight-year-old student diagnosed with cerebral palsy is working at grade level academically but is unable to write, climb a jungle gym, or participate in any extra curricular activities.

In which area of development is this student struggling?

A) Cognitive
B) Physical
C) Social
D) Language

Answer 27

B) Physical

Question 28

A sixth-grade student, who is being bullied, is afraid to go to recess and walk home after school.

Which effect on learning and performance might this student experience?

A) A decrease in long-term memory
B) A decrease in expressive language
C) A decrease in visual processing
D) A decrease in self-complacency

Answer 28

D) A decrease in self-complacency

Question 29

A fourth-grade student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is inattentive, is disruptive, and has difficulty completing assignments.

How can the teacher address this student’s learning needs?

A) Give several choices for completing an activity
B) Seat the student in a cubby area away from the other students
C) Provide repetitive assignments that the student has mastered
D) Stipulate consequences for any type of negative behavior

Answer 29

A) Give several choices for completing an activity

Question 30

A student in high school is an English learner (EL) who is operating at the formal operational stage of development.

Which classroom activity would address this student’s learning needs?

A) Doing hands-on activities
B) Focusing on one aspect at a time
C) Doing discovery learning projects
D) Solving hypothetical problems

Answer 30

D) Solving hypothetical problems

Question 31

An underweight middle school student is seen negotiating for food from other students. This student regularly falls asleep in class, complains of headaches, and is unfocused and unmotivated.

Based on this description, which area of development of this student should be addressed?

A) Physical needs
B) Social needs
C) Cognitive needs
D) Moral needs

Answer 31

A) Physical needs

Question 32

A student who is oversensitive to stimuli has difficulty following multistep directions, frequently asks for information to be repeated, and is easily distracted from assigned tasks.

What are the learning needs of a student with this type of sensory processing disorder?

A) Reduction of distractions
B) Isolation and seclusion
C) Problem-solving techniques
D) Kinesthetic activities

Answer 32

A) Reduction of distractions

Question 33

The language and cultural barrier of a middle school–aged English learner (EL) from a socialist country causes the student to struggle in an U.S. history class. The student has difficulty with abstract social science concepts and terminology.

Which approach would address the learning needs of this student?

A) Provide concrete examples to clarify difficult vocabulary and ideas
B) Provide extended time to complete written assignments
C) Provide scheduled, frequent breaks during lectures and discussions
D) Provide a recorded version of the text for repeated readings

Answer 33

A) Provide concrete examples to clarify difficult vocabulary and ideas

Question 34

What is a key concept of B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning in behavioral theory?

A) Good behavior can be encouraged by continual positive reinforcement.
B) Punishment increases the likelihood of inappropriate behavior.
C) A reward stimulus should be paired with a neutral stimulus to improve behavior.
D) Poor behavior is the result of an unchangeable genetic factor.

Answer 34

A) Good behavior can be encouraged by continual positive reinforcement.

Question 35

What is a key concept of the humanistic theory of learning?

A) People are innately good.
B) People in a society dictate norms.
C) People act in response to stimuli.
D) People’s behavior is the result of experience.

Answer 35

A) People are innately good.

Question 36

Which key concept is associated with the constructivism theory of learning?

A) Interactive experiences
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Group collaboration
D) Fixed curricula

Answer 36

A) Interactive experiences

Question 37

Which theoretical learning approach aligns to playing trivia games to review class material?

A) Information processing theory
B) General intelligence theory
C) Constructivism theory
D) Humanistic theory

Answer 37

A) Information processing theory

Question 38

A teacher has a large group of students to assess. The teacher wants to accurately assess the knowledge students have in a fairly short amount of time.

Which type of assessment should this teacher use?

A) Short answer
B) Exhibition
C) Essay
D) Portfolio

Answer 38

A) Short answer

Question 39

A teacher wants to know how students apply the things they learned over time and in different ways.

Which type of assessment should this teacher use?

A) Portfolio performance
B) Selected-response
C) Short-answer
D) True/false

Answer 39

A) Portfolio performance

Question 40

A teacher wants to understand students’ mastery of a concept and wants some subjectivity in grading.

How should the teacher assess in this scenario?

A) Have students complete a true/false quiz
B) Have students complete a multiple-choice test
C) Have students complete a constructed-response question
D) Have students complete a fill-in-the-blank question

Answer 40

C) Have students complete a constructed-response question

Question 41

What is one reason a school would use a criterion-referenced reading assessment?

A) To assess whether students have mastered a particular national reading standard
B) To assess whether students were reading at, above, or below the national average
C) To assess which student in a particular class was the strongest reader
D) To assess which students could read at the same rate as most other students their age

Answer 41

A) To assess whether students have mastered a particular national reading standard

Question 42

A high school teacher promotes the development of self-efficacy in students based on the social cognitive learning theory. One student, when assigned a history project, exhibits stress, becomes overwhelmed, and verbalizes that the task is too difficult.

Which strategy aligns with this scenario?

A) Modify the project to promote successful completion by the student
B) Provide a perfect example completed by another student as a model
C) Allocate additional time for the student to complete the project
D) Expect the student to select a learning strategy and to monitor progress

Answer 42

A) Modify the project to promote successful completion by the student

Question 43

A teacher wants students to understand how knowledge is processed by teaching metacognitive skills to overcome memory deficits.

Which teaching strategy should this teacher use?

A) Teaching how to use mnemonic devices or acronyms to recall information
B) Providing repeated direct instruction to reinforce knowledge to be remembered
C) Expressing confidence in student ability to remember important information
D) Providing drill and practice worksheets and opportunities to copy notes from the board

Answer 43

A) Teaching how to use mnemonic devices or acronyms to recall information

Question 44

A teacher, who takes the humanistic approach to learning, personalizes learning environments for students, capitalizing on intrinsic motivation.

Which strategy aligns with this scenario?

A) Providing opportunities to explore with the environment
B) Following prescribed curriculum outlined by external powers
C) Initiating a competitive grading system to motivate learning
D) Leveling learning activities for students to meet academic gaps of knowledge

Answer 44

A) Providing opportunities to explore with the environment

Question 45

Taking a constructivist approach, a history teacher encourages students to choose an activity that will facilitate an in-depth understanding of how the United States was founded.

Which instructional strategy will align with this scenario?

A) Role-playing
B) Oral report
C) Graphic organizers
D) Written report

Answer 45

A) Role-playing

Question 46

A class with some students who have a visual impairment is learning about lizards.

Which technique can the teacher use to help these students understand the lesson?

A) Have the students feel the skin of a lizard
B) Show a documentary about lizards
C) Ask students to label the different parts of a lizard’s anatomy
D) Assign a reading passage from a book about lizards

Answer 46

A) Have the students feel the skin of a lizard

Question 47

A first-grade teacher wants to assess student comprehension on the life cycle of a butterfly. There are three English learners in the classroom.

Which formative assessment activity is likely to benefit these students?

A) Reading a passage silently on the life cycle of the butterfly and answering questions
B) Writing a paragraph on the butterfly’s life cycle and presenting to the class
C) Taking a pop quiz on the different stages of the butterfly’s life cycle
D) Labeling real-life photographs of the different stages of the butterfly life cycle

Answer 47

D) Labeling real-life photographs of the different stages of the butterfly life cycle

Question 48

A teacher has a class that includes a student with expressive language disorder. The teacher wants to assess if students can distinguish between nouns and verbs.

Which formative assessment strategy supports the learning needs of this student?

A) Reading a paragraph, and circling the verbs and underlining the nouns
B) Sorting images of verbs and nouns into given categories
C) Writing sentences with a variety of verbs and nouns
D) Drawing images of verbs and nouns, and labeling accordingly

Answer 48

B) Sorting images of verbs and nouns into given categories

Question 49

In a fifth-grade classroom, 75% of the students are from low socioeconomic backgrounds and are reading below grade level. At the end of the chapter about photosynthesis, the teacher decides to assess students on the concepts presented.

Which summative assessment strategy would be appropriate in this scenario?

A) Providing alternative performance tasks for students to demonstrate knowledge
B) Requiring that the end-of-chapter test be completed in writing by all students
C) Rewriting the textbook assessment as a multiple-choice exam
D) Completing the review section in the textbook as a total class

Answer 49

A) Providing alternative performance tasks for students to demonstrate knowledge

Question 50

Two seven-year-old non-English-speaking students learn English by listening to read-alouds and singing songs. After nine weeks of school, the ability to retell a story must be assessed.

Which summative assessment strategy would be an appropriate option for these two students?

A) Provide pictures for students to order while retelling the story
B) Permit the students to use dictionaries while repeating the story
C) Permit the student to use the book while retelling the story
D) Provide art materials for students to duplicate the narrative

Answer 50

A) Provide pictures for students to order while retelling the story