Module 5: Developmental Barriers to Learning and Performance Flashcards
A fifth-grade student appears shy and withdrawn and does not typically participate in individual or classroom activities.
Which area of development is most closely related to the characteristics this student is displaying?
A) Cognitive development
B) Physical development
C) Language development
D) Social and emotional development
D) Social and emotional development
Characteristics such as shyness, withdrawal, and lack of participation are often related to social and emotional development needs.
True or False
Students typically experience barriers to learning in only one significant area.
False
Students can experience any combination or quantity of cognitive, social and emotional, physical, or language-related barriers or challenges to learning.
True or False
Physical barriers to learning are intrinsic or innate to the student, while social and emotional barriers are extrinsic or environmental.
False
Any category of barriers (physical, cognitive, language-related, or social and emotional) can include challenges that are within the student, or intrinsic, or challenges that are created by the environment or circumstances, or extrinsic.
Determine whether the description represents an intrinsic barrier or extrinsic barrier.
A student is born with numerous health needs and a mobility impairment.
Intrinsic
This physical barrier to learning may be impacted by whether the student is in an accessible environment. But the barrier itself is intrinsic.
Determine whether the description represents an intrinsic barrier or extrinsic barrier.
A student’s family recently became homeless and moved into a shelter where the student has no place to study.
Extrinsic
The student and family are homeless (a physical barrier), but this quality is not innate or unchangeable; it is a function of circumstances and environment.
Determine whether the description represents an intrinsic barrier or extrinsic barrier.
A student is slow to speak and understand language.
Intrinsic
The student’s atypical language development is a language-related barrier that is intrinsic, or innate, to the student.
Determine whether the description represents an intrinsic barrier or extrinsic barrier.
A student is having difficulty relating to peers because she has experienced trauma due to violence in her neighborhood.
Extrinsic
This student’s social and emotional challenges constitute a barrier, but they are a function of her environment (her neighborhood) rather than being innate or intrinsic.
What is the learning disability Dyslexia?
Affects reading and related language-based processing skills
common characteristics include difficulty reading, including decoding, fluency, rate of reading, rhyming, spelling, vocab, comprehension, and written expression
What is the learning disability Dyscalculia?
affects a person’s ability to understand numbers and learn math facts
common characteristics include difficulty with counting, learning number facts, and doing math calculations
What is the learning disability Dysgraphia?
affecting a person’s handwriting and fine motor skills.
common characteristics include tight, awkward pencil grip and body position, tiring quickly while writing and avoiding writing or drawing tasks
What is Auditory Processing Deficit/Disorder?
Deficits in ability to understand and use auditory information
Disorders differ from loss of hearing in that they are within the brain, rather than the ears or elsewhere in the body
What is Visual Processing Deficit/Disorder?
Deficits in the ability to understand and use visual information
Disorders differ from low vision in that they are within the brain, rather than the eyes or elsewhere in the body
What is Executive Functioning Deficits?
Deficits in the ability to plan, organize, strategize, remember details, describe and control emotions, and manage time and space efficiently
common characteristics in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are often seen in those with learning disabilities
What is an important cognitive skill?
A) Remembering information
B) Developmental communication
C) Writing information down
D) Social interaction
A) Remembering information
Successfully retaining information requires cognitive ability.
True or False
Students with learning disabilities may have difficulty with handwriting.
True
Messy handwriting, transcriptions, or uneven letter formation and spacing can indicate a learning disability.
What are the two Genetic causes of intellectual disabilities?
Down Syndrome: caused by an extra chromosome which leads to physical features and developmental challenges
-usually have an IQ in the mildly-to-moderately low range
-slower to speak than other children
-experience hearing loss, ear infections, eye diseases, and heart defects
Fragile X Syndrome: caused by the mutation of a single gene and is genetically inherited
-related to female chromosomes, but occurs in both male and female children
-experience ear infections, strabismus (crossed eyes), seizures, sensory processing challenges, speech and language delays, and motor delays
Having the daily living, social, and communication skills to function independently is known as
A) Choice Based Behavior
B) Adaptive Behavior
C) Intellectual Capacity
D) Applied Behavior
B) Adaptive Behavior
These skills, collectively, are referred to as adaptive behavior or adaptive functioning.
Explain Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the main characteristics
often exhibit problems with social communication and interaction and exhibit restricted or repetitive behaviors
Problems with social communication and interaction:
-inability to make or keep eye contact
-decreased facial recognition
-limited ability to share interests or achievements
-difficulty initiating social interactions or maintaining friendships
Explain Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
brain based disorder that results in significant inattention, hyperactivity, distractibility, or a combination of these.
characteristics are attributed to neurochemical imbalances that can be treated effectively with a combination of behavioral therapy and medication
A student in your class struggles with social understanding and communication. He also exhibits repetitive routines and narrow interests.
Which cognitive development barrier is associated with the behaviors the student displays?
A) Learning disability
B) Autism
C) Intellectual disability
D) ADHD
B) Autism
The student’s narrow interests and repetitive behavior distinguish autism from other development issues such as ADHD.
True or False
ADHD does not impact a student’s self-esteem or mental health.
False
ADHD can impact self-esteem and mental health, as students’ perceptions of themselves can be impacted if they are struggling with academics or behavior.
A student is returning to school after a mild concussion due to a bicycle accident.
What is one way the student’s performance may be impacted?
A) Unwillingness to complete work, socialize, or comply with directions
B) Mood changes, headaches, and occasional confusion
C) Challenges with adaptive behavior and independent living
D) Constant confusion and fatigue
B) Mood changes, headaches, and occasional confusion
Students with mild concussions (mild TBI) may exhibit mood changes, headaches, and some confusion.
What are potential signs of atypical social or emotional development
-appearing withdrawn, shy, or anxious
-demonstrating weakened self-esteem or self-concept
-reduced self-confidence in ability to succeed
-unusual hesitancy to try new experiences
-disruptive (oppositional, defiant, or angry) behavior
-yelling, cursing, engaging in violence, or using drugs or alcohol
Signs a student may be being bullied
-depression
-anxiety
-sadness and loneliness
-changes in sleep and eating patterns
-loss of interest in activities that used to bring joy
-health complaints
-drop in GPA and standardized test scores
Signs a student might have trouble with social skills
-miss social cues
-trouble following social rules
-say inappropriate things
-talk too much
-not recognize when people look or sound annoyed
-poor listener
-not wait their turn to talk
-not understand sarcasm
What are the different names for behavioral disorders
-Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD)
-Emotional Conflict (EC)
-Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED)
Signs a student might have behavioral disorders
-initiation of aggressive behavior and reacting aggressively towards others
-a display of bullying, threatening, or intimidating behavior
-being physically abusive of others
-deliberate destruction of others property
-showing little empathy and concern for the feelings, wishes, and well-being of others
-showing callous behavior towards others and lack of feelings of guilt or remorse
What is a typical sign or symptom of trauma in a school-aged child?
A) Experiencing difficulty with forming relationships or conversing with peers
B) Responding to events with a disproportionate or hypervigilant reaction
C) Getting a specific kind of math problem wrong over and over
D) Displaying repetitive behaviors or obsessive interests
B) Responding to events with a disproportionate or hypervigilant reaction
Hypervigilance, or overreliance on the fight-or-flight response, is typical of students who have experienced traumatic events.
True or False
Children exposed to trauma may develop negative self-concept and inappropriate conflict resolution and self-monitoring skills.
True
Exposure to trauma affects neurodevelopment and also places a child under stress—two factors that can manifest in undesirable behaviors.
True or False
Risky behavior and social or emotional challenges can be observed in students who bully others and those who are bullied.
True
Both students who bully and those who are bullied need social and emotional supports, as they typically have social and emotional challenges of varying natures.
