Module 1-4 Assessment Flashcards
When recess is called, two boys slip on their hoodies and, with a little concentration, zip them up. They then run out to the playground, where they draw stick figures with sidewalk chalk.
Which physical development stage describes these students?
Early Childhood
These are all activities typical of children aged two to six.
True or False
A second-grade student tells his teacher that he is being bullied on the playground by some older children.
The student is attempting to meet his physiological needs.
False
By approaching his teacher for help in dealing with bullies, the student is attempting to meet a safety need.
Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage?
A) Stunted growth
B) Accelerated growth
C) Slow and steady growth
D) No growth
B) Accelerated Growth
Typically, adolescents experience a period of accelerated growth.
A teacher asked children of different ages this question: “What would it be like if humans had gills and lived underwater?”
Which answer is characteristic of a child in the formal operations stage?
A) “This is a stupid question because we don’t live underwater.”
B) “We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on.”
C) “I would not like to live underwater.”
D) “We would be wet all the time.”
B) “We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on.”
Only children in the formal operations stage would be able to reason contrary to the fact.
True or False
According to Vygotsky, a person learns best through his or her own experiences.
False
Vygotsky theorized that people learn best with the help of social interaction. Piaget believed that most learning occurs through personal experiences.
Which characteristic would be consistent with a student in Piaget’s preoperational level of cognitive development?
A) Playing with a mobile
B) Pretending to be a cartoon character
C) Solving “what-if” questions
D) Understanding that A + B = C is the same as B + A = C
B) Pretending to be a cartoon character
Students in the preoperational stage become very skilled at pretend play, though they continue to think very concretely about their environment.
True or False
Gilligan theorized that women are more involved in the care of others rather than in the care of themselves.
True
Gilligan asserted that without women the voice of care would be virtually absent from the study of moral development.
A 10-year-old student works hard to master multiplication so her teacher and peers will be proud of her.
Which of Erikson’s stages is this student displaying?
A) Industry versus inferiority
B) Autonomy versus shame
C) Trust versus mistrust
D) Identity versus role confusion
A) Industry versus inferiority
Industry versus inferiority is a stage experienced around elementary school, as children become more aware of their own accomplishments and make comparisons between themselves and peers.
A third-grade student wants his classmates to think he is “nice,” so he always obeys the classroom rules. According to Kohlberg, this student’s sense of morality is at the ___
conventional level
At the conventional level, a person’s sense of morality is bound to personal and societal relationships.
Which example demonstrates Bandura’s theory of observational learning and modeling?
A) A student does not want to finish a math test, but the teacher offers her a reward if she does.
B) A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise.
C) A student picks up his backpack and walks toward the door even though the rest of the class has not done so.
D) A teacher tells her class to line up by the door; they line up.
B) A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise.
Bandura states that children learn when they have the opportunity to see a behavior modeled, observe, and then try it themselves. Behaviors are reinforced through positive responses.
Which example best demonstrates Skinner’s operant conditioning theory of language development?
A) A fifth grader listens as her teacher models the correct way to answer a question, then tries it herself.
B) A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again.
C) A student learning English makes progress when placed with peers who engage her in social interaction.
D) A child raised without much human interaction learns to talk without difficulty.
B) A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again.
The baby receives a positive response to his coo, which causes him to coo again. According to Skinner, this is a conditioned response.
Which characteristic is typical of individuals in the telegraphic stage of language development?
A) Using correct noun and verb structure
B) Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose
C) Using one-word sentences
D) Using consonant and vowel sounds to make word-like syllables
B) Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose
For example, toddlers might use a three-word utterance such as “Want more milk!”
Which theorist’s approach stated that language acquisition can be enhanced if it is paired with a positive or rewarding outcome?
A) Chomsky’s universal grammar
B) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
C) Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
D) Skinner’s operant conditioning
D) Skinner’s operant conditioning
Skinner argued that people learn language when correct speech is positively reinforced.
True or False
Chomsky believed that humans are born with the ability to learn language.
True
According to Chomsky, all are born with a “language acquisition device,” or function in the brain that helps them to learn language.
