Module 3: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

What is social development

Answer 1

refers to the long-term changes in relationships and interactions involving self, peers, and family. it includes both positive changes, such as friendships develop, and negative changes, such as aggression or bullying

Question 2

What are the three main areas social development is most obviously relevant to classroom life?

Answer 2

1) changes in self-concept and in relationships among student and teachers

2) changes in basic needs or personal motives

3) changes in sense of right and responsibilities

Question 3

What theory is Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development based and expanded upon?

Answer 3

Freud’s psychosexual theory

Question 4

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 4

People experience eight stages of development over their life span, from infancy through late adulthood.
At each stage there is a crisis or task that people need to resolve.
Successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality.
Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy. Note that Erikson described a crisis as a state of feeling rather than a single event, so crises are resolved as individuals face repeated challenges in the same general psychosocial area, not a one-time task to be completed.

Question 5

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 5

• Trust vs Mistrust (birth - 1yr)
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1yr - 3yr)
• Initiative vs Guilt (3yr - 6yr)
• Industry vs Inferiority (6yr - 12yr)
• Identity vs Role Confusion (12yr - 19yr)
• Intimacy vs Isolation (19yr - 25yr+)
• Generativity and stagnation (25yr - 50yr+)
• Integrity and despair (50yr+)

Question 6

Erikson’s Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 6

birth - 12 months
Virtue: Hope
Neg Outcome: Fear, Suspicion

-Provide love, care, food
-Need comfort and safety

Question 7

Erikson’s Autonomy vs Shame

Answer 7

1yr - 3yr
Virtue: Will
Neg Outcome: Shame

-Me do stage
-Need for independence
-insists on doing things on own
- dress myself
- feed myself

Question 8

Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 8

3yr - 6yr
Virtue: Purpose
Neg Outcome: Inadequacy

• exploration
• trying new things on own
• asking questions

Question 9

Erikson’s Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 9

6yr - 12yr
Virtue: Competence
Neg Outcome: Inferiority

• intellectual curiosity
• school performance
• need positive reinforcement
• praise
• avoid undue competition or criticism

Question 10

Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 10

12yr - 19yr
Virtue: Fidelity (loyalty / faithfulness)
Neg Outcome: Rebellion

• develop sense of self
• influenced by others reactions
• peers more important than parents or teachers
• social role models important
• figuring out what they want to do with life and after high school

Question 11

Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 11

19yr - 25yr+
Virtue: Love
Neg Outcome: Isolation

• Best friends and soulmates
• developing intimate relationships, life partners

Question 12

Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 12

25yr - 50+
Virtue: Care
Neg Outcome: Unproductive

• caring for and contributing to society
• being productive and creative
• care for others

Question 13

Erikson’s Integrity vs Despair

Answer 13

50yr+
Virtue: Wisdom
Neg Outcome: Dissatisfaction

• reflection of life and if lived to fullest

Question 14

Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly.

Which of Erikson’s stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing?

Answer 14

Industry vs Inferiority

Industry versus inferiority is a stage experienced around elementary school, as children become more aware of their own accomplishments and make comparisons between themselves and peers.

Question 15

An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erikson’s stage of ___

Answer 15

Trust vs Mistrust

Infants develop trust in their caregivers when provided support and responsiveness.

Question 16

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

Infants learn to rely on their caregivers and need a strong bond with them.

Answer 16

Trust vs Mistrust: Infants who bond with their caregivers trust them rather than mistrusting them.

Question 17

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

Preschoolers are learning to engage on their own terms with their environment. When appropriately reinforced, they develop healthy self-confidence.

Answer 17

Initiative vs Guilt: Preschoolers learn to take increasing initiative and use choice purposefully. Appropriate reinforcement by caregivers and teachers helps them use these in a healthy way.

Question 18

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

Toddlers and young children are learning to take control of their surroundings and must be nurtured, not stifled.

Answer 18

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Question 19

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

Children in school are busy with many different activities but may compare themselves negatively with peers.

Answer 19

Industry vs Inferiority

In the industry versus inferiority stage, children may begin to work hard at school, in activities, and at home, but can easily feel inferior to peers.

Question 20

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

It can be challenging for adolescents to decide who they are and what their place in the world will be.

Answer 20

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescents often struggle to determine their own identity and what their eventual contributions to the world may be.

Question 21

Which of Erikson’s stages is the example currently passing?

Young adults must figure out their own place in the world in order to have strong relationships with others.

Answer 21

Intimacy vs Isolation

Young adults often begin to form intimate relationships and are most successful, and least isolated, when they have a strong sense of self.

Question 22

Bandura’s Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning

Answer 22

We observe a behavior then try to mimic it and do it ourselves

Question 23

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 23

Social Cognitivism

Bobo Doll Experiment - Study of aggression
- if a child is abused, when grown they will most likely repeat the behaviors
- researcher would come in a punch the doll or play with a different toy then leave. then the kid would do the same as the researcher

Modeling and Emulation - “monkey see, monkey do” you watch someone model a behavior and then try and emulate it

Question 24

What are Bandura’s three types of Models

Answer 24

Live Model: Demonstrates the behavior in person. Can talk to the model. ask them to repeat what they just did

Verbal Model: Explains or describes the behavior. only uses words

Symbolic Model: You cannot interact with it. Books, movies, tv, video games, etc.

Question 25

For Emulation (Learning) to be successful, 4 things need to take place. What are they

Answer 25

ARRM:

Attention: focus, pay attention

Retention: Remember it, involves symbolic coding, mental images, encoding, cognitive organization, and cognitive rehearsal

Reproduction: Be able to perform it / physically able to do it

Motivation: Want to copy the model

Question 26

True or False

Bandura identified two kinds of models from which people could observe and learn new skills: verbal and symbolic.

Answer 26

False

Bandura posited three kinds of models: live (with a live demonstration or model), verbal (in which the action or behavior is described), and symbolic (in which a behavior is modeled through characters in media).

Question 27

A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the quietest and most well-behaved children in class.

Which explanation most closely fits Bandura’s theories?

A) The student has unresolved anger toward the teachers and principals.
B) The student had a bad day at home and is reacting aggressively as a result.
C) The student has failed to resolve the initiative versus guilt stage and, therefore, acts inappropriately.
D) The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week.

Answer 27

D) The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week

Bandura would argue that the student viewed another child’s aggressive behavior, observed that it got a laugh, and copied it in order to get the same response. This is known as vicarious reinforcement.

Question 28

What does Kohlberg emphasize with his theory

Answer 28

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about a dilemma that determines positive moral development.

Male perspective

Question 29

What are the levels / stages of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?

Answer 29

Level 1: Preconventional (PRE in preconventional = Punishment & Reward)
- Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation
- Stage 2: instrumental orientation (what’s in it for me? How will this affect me?)

Level 2: Conventional (I love the rules. I am such a good person)
- Stage 3: Good boy, nice girl orientation
- Stage 4: Law and order orientation

Level 3: Postconventional
- Stage 5: Social contract orientation
- Stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation
the ST in postconventional stands for Stupid. the rule or law is stupid. i will follow my own internal moral compass. usually refers to social justice type issues
the O in postconventional stands for Other people. I will break the rule or law for other people to have justice

Question 30

What dilemma does Kohlberg use to help classify his stages?

Answer 30

Heinz Dilemma

Wife is dying and local pharmacy has the cure. Man goes to buy cure, it is too much and the pharmacist wont give it to him even though his wife is dying. Man goes back to steal it.

based on how you feel is how you are classified in the moral levels

Question 31

What is Kohlberg’s Level 1 of his Moral Development Theory?

Answer 31

Preconventional Stage (All about me)

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
- Being obedient
-avoid punishment
- get reward
- no concept of rules, just follows

Stage 2: Instrument orientation
- what’s in it for me?
- self-serving purpose
- personal gain

Question 32

What is Kohlberg’s Level 2 of his Moral Development Theory?

Answer 32

Conventional Stage (all about the rules

Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl
- wants approval from others
- being a good student / citizen

Stage 4: law and order
- respect authority or policy
- maintain social conventions
- social order
- rules are set and unchangeable

Question 33

What is Kohlberg’s Level 3 of his Moral Development Theory?

Answer 33

Postconventional Stage (all about others)

Stage 5: Social contract
- golden rule
- for the greater good
- based on dignity, equality, respect

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
- rules and laws are flexible depending on context of the situation
- live by own ethical priciples
- protect rights, liberty, justice

Question 34

what stage of moral development best represents the classroom situation below?

A second-grade student does not enjoy cleaning up after snack time, but he does so enthusiastically because the teacher offers an incentive to the table that cleans up fastest each day.

Answer 34

Instrumental Orientation

Individuals with a universal ethical principle orientation typically focus on whether a given action will advance justice, equity, and others’ well-being, prioritizing these goals over their own personal gain or loss.

Question 35

what stage of moral development best represents the classroom situation below?

A fifth-grade class is discussing school rules. Several students insist that even if rules seem pointless, students need to follow them because if everyone broke the rules, chaos would result.

Answer 35

Law and Order Orientation

Individuals with a law and order orientation typically focus on the importance of following rules and complying with the law, regardless of one’s individual beliefs, in order to uphold the rule of law.

Question 36

what stage of moral development best represents the classroom situation below?

A sophomore in high school decides to start a Diversity Club at school, hoping to advocate for inclusivity and equity for all learners. She does this because she believes it is the ethical thing to do, even though she is not sure how her peers will respond.

Answer 36

Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Individuals with an instrumental orientation are concerned with how a given situation or decision will benefit them.

Question 37

What does Carol Gilligan’s morality of care center around?

Answer 37

ideas center on a morality of care, or system of beliefs about human responsibilities, care, and consideration for others, proposed three moral positions that represent different extents or breadth of ethical care.

Female Perspective

Question 38

What are Gilligan’s levels / stages of her Moral Development Theory: Ethics of Care theory - care perspective

Answer 38

Stage: Preconventional Stage (Selfish)
- Characteristic: I love myself

Stage: Conventional (self-sacrifice)
- Characteristic: I love you more than I love myself

Stage: Postconventional (Self Control)
- Characteristic: I love myself and I love you

Question 39

Kohlberg vs Gilligan Preconventional

Answer 39

Kohlberg:
- Stage 1: Punishment obedience orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation

Gilligan:
- Level 1: orientation to individual survival
- the first transition form selfishness to responsibility

Question 40

Kohlberg vs Gilligan Conventional

Answer 40

Kohlberg:
- Stage 3: Good boy, nice girl orientation
- Stage 4: Law and order orientation

Gilligan:
- Level 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice
- The second transition: from goodness to truth

Question 41

Kohlberg vs Gilligan Postconventional

Answer 41

Kohlberg:
- Stage 5: Social contract orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical principle orientation

Gilligan:
- Level 3: the morality of nonviolence

Question 42

Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory Level 1

Answer 42

Preconventional Stage

I love myself, sense of self
- selfishness
-my needs come first

Question 43

Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory Level 2

Answer 43

Conventional Stage

I love you more than myself, self sacrifice
- responsibility for others
- needs of others come first

Question 44

Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory Level 3

Answer 44

Post conventional Stage

I love myself and I love you, relationships
- goodness and understanding that I am also a person
- I can take care of myself and others

Question 45

True or False

Carol Gilligan believed that women brought a distinct perspective to ethical decisions because they prioritized abstract issues of right and wrong.

Answer 45

False

Gilligan did believe that women’s perspective was unique, but she held that it was unique because it prioritized relationships, networks of people, and communication over abstract conceptions of right or wrong.

Question 46

Which of the following is typical of the social and emotional skills a child in elementary or grade school might display?

A) May enjoy pretend play but confuse real and “make-believe”
B) May have intense tantrums if not given his or her way
C) May prefer time with friends, including romantic partners, over time with family
D) May try to verbalize feelings, but might become aggressive when under stress

Answer 46

D) May try to verbalize feelings but might become aggressive when under stress

Students in elementary school typically can express their emotions with words, but when overwhelmed, they may fall back on physical action, including hitting or pushing.

Question 47

A kindergarten teacher is planning classroom activities and is wondering what behavior to expect from students during group work. What is a typical social and emotional expectation for five-year-olds?

A) May want to please teacher or peers
B) Does not enjoy new activities
C) Does not typically play with other children
D) May be unable to distinguish real and pretend activities

Answer 47

A) May want to please teachers or peers

By age five, children often want to please others and change their behavior accordingly.

Question 48

Mr. Patel is working with a middle school student. The student tells him she wants to follow behavioral expectations, but she is not always able to control her emotions when she gets upset and often ends up raising her voice and disrupting class.

Which response is likely to help the student develop the social and emotional skill of self-control?

A) Increase penalties for inappropriate behavior so the student is motivated to behave appropriately.
B) Track the student’s inappropriate behaviors over time so it is evident whether she is improving.
C) Conference with the student after an outburst so she understands how her behavior has impacted others.
D) Teach the student deep breathing strategies and allow her to move to the break corner when she is upset.

Answer 48

D) Teach the student deep breathing strategies and allow her to move to the break corner when she is upset

This approach gives the student two alternative strategies she can use to avoid inappropriate behavior, and practicing these strategies is likely to help her in situations outside the classroom as well.

Question 49

Which of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development would an infant who looks to a parent for love and cuddles be in?

Answer 49

Trust vs Mistrust

From birth to 12 months of age, infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This occurs when adults meet a child’s basic needs, including being carried and cuddled.

Question 50

In which level of Kohlberg’s moral development would a student be who will do almost anything to stay out of trouble and avoid punishment?

Answer 50

Preconventional

A child with preconventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society’s conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences (rewards or punishments) that certain actions may bring. This level displays self-centeredness. Think “pre=me.”

Question 51

A student has heard inappropriate language at home and tends to repeat that same language when playing with friends at school.

Which concept is associated with the situation described?

A) Erickson’s psychosocial stages
B) Gilligan’s ethics of care
C) Kohlberg’s moral reasoning
D) Bandura’s observational learning

Answer 51

D) Bandura’s observation learning

Bandura described observational, or vicarious, learning. In observational learning, individuals learn by watching others model for them and then imitating what they do or say. The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called models.

Question 52

A child is at an age referred to as the “terrible twos” and is adamant about choosing their own snacks and clothes.

Which stage of psychosocial development is the child experiencing according to Erikson?

Answer 52

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Toddlers (ages 1–3) are in the “me do it” stage. For example, one might observe a budding sense of autonomy in a two-year-old child who wants to choose clothes and dress by themselves.

Question 53

A 5-year-old is constantly asking questions, which the mother attempts to patiently answer.

Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development is the child experiencing?

Answer 53

Initiative vs Guilt

Preschool children (ages 3–6) assert control over their world through social interactions and exploring the world around them. They develop initiative (a sense of ambition and responsibility) through this exploration. In this example, we see cognitive exploration through the questions asked of the mother.

Question 54

A student constantly compares their reading ability to other students in the elementary school classroom. The student is concerned about being worse with vocabulary and spelling than some of the others.

Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development does this represent?

Answer 54

Industry vs Inferiority

Children at this stage begin to compare themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life, or feel inferior and inadequate because they feel that they do not measure up.

Question 55

A child is reading a comic book about superheroes and loves pretending to be the character Spider-Man. The child often adopts the “superhero” pose and actions of the character in the book.

Which of Bandura’s models of observational learning does this represent?

Answer 55

Symbolic Model

A symbolic model can include fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or internet sources.

Question 56

A fourth-grade student follows all rules in class. The student sees rules as rigid and unchangeable and wants to be viewed as a good person.

Which level of Kohlberg’s moral development is the student in?

Answer 56

Conventional

Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid during this level, and a rule’s appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned. This level can be thought of as the “rules” level, both socially and legally.

Question 57

A child is concerned about body image, clothes, and is beginning to develop an eating disorder. The child is very easily influenced by the peer group.

Which age range is the child likely in?

A) Adolescence
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Infancy

Answer 57

A) Adolescence

These behaviors are typical of many students aged 11–18 (adolescents), as their hormones and bodies change during and after puberty.

Question 58

Which stage of Bandura’s observational learning involves symbolic coding, cognitive organization, and cognitive rehearsal?

A) Reproduction
B) Attention
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Answer 58

D) Retention

The retention processes involve primarily an observer’s memory for the modeled behavior. The most important memory processes, according to Bandura, are visual imagery and verbal coding.

Question 59

A child and a friend are speaking on the telephone. The friend is explaining a new exercise seen on a popular video platform.

Which Bandura’s model is the friend using?

Answer 59

Verbal Model

A verbal model explains or describes the behavior through spoken interaction without actually demonstrating the behavior, often on a phone call.

Question 60

An individual’s parents want them to join the military, like the father had in the past. The individual is unsure about following that path. Some days the individual wants to pursue music, other days medicine. The person’s significant other wants them to become a chef.

In which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is this individual in?

Answer 60

Identity vs role confusion

This is the adolescent stage, in which individuals determine their beliefs, values, and sense of self. Most adolescents try on many different selves to determine best fit; they explore various roles and ideas, set goals, and attempt to discover their “adult” selves.

Question 61

A person who is passionate about the environment feels it is their responsibility to peacefully protest when a local manufacturing plant is charged with dumping factory waste into the local river. The person organizes a sit-in at the plant’s main offices, knowing this could result in being arrested for trespassing, but feels personal beliefs are more important.

Which level of Kohlberg’s moral development theory is the person demonstrating?

Answer 61

Postconventional

Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles—principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice—and view rules as useful but sometimes flawed in the face of the greater good. Think “post=most.”

Question 62

What is the focus of Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 62

Ethics of Care

Carol Gilligan’s ideas center on a morality of care, or system of beliefs about human responsibilities, care, and consideration for others.