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HistoPath Lec > Pre analytical Factors, Gross Examination, Fixation > Flashcards

Pre analytical Factors, Gross Examination, Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

time interval between surgical intervention and proper fixation of the removed specimen

A

Ischemia time

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2
Q

prolonged ischemia time

A

Ischemia time

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3
Q

a condition in which the blood flow and oxygen is restricted or reduced in a part the a body

A

Ischemia

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4
Q

Surgical theater

A

Surgical proper

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5
Q

Kukunin yung sample?

A

Pathological anatomy

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6
Q

travel to the laboratory for gross examination pero
merong initial fixation na nangyayari

A

Grossing

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7
Q

fixation, embedding, and staining are all ___

A

Standerdized

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8
Q

occurs during operation when blood supply of tissue is cut off

A

Warm Ischemia time

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9
Q

starts a series of biochemical changes that leads to tissue poor quality

A

Warm Ischemia Time

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10
Q

affected by the whole surgical procedure

A

Warm Ischemia Time

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11
Q

Warm Ischemia Time

A

● occurs during operation when blood supply of tissue is cut off
● starts a series of biochemical changes that leads to tissue poor quality
● affected by the whole surgical procedure

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12
Q

interval between tissue removal from
the patient and arrival in the pathology laboratory for grossing

A

Cold Ischemia Time

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13
Q

prolonged → temperature of
specimen will gradually reach the external temperature, and autolysis and drying of the surface may occur

A

Cold Ischemia Time

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14
Q

Cold Ischemia Time

A
  • interval between tissue removal from
    the patient and arrival in the pathology laboratory for grossing

-prolonged → temperature of
specimen will gradually reach the external temperature, and autolysis and drying of the surface may occur

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15
Q

All parts to be examined must be initially fixed

A

Pre analytic fixation

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16
Q

Earlier fixation

A

better tissue preservation

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17
Q

Improper fixation

A

impede tissue processing

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18
Q

Observe proper tissue-to-fixative ratio

A

Observe proper tissue-to-fixative ratio

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19
Q

3-5mm thick tissues

A

fixed for 6-48 hrs

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20
Q

The longer it will be fixed, the better

A

True

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21
Q

5mm thick tissues and large tissues (such as limbs)

A

sectioned prior to fixation, or else, fixation will not be complete and may occur only at the periphery of the tissue

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22
Q

Ratio is 20:1

A

1 stands for the size of the tissue; 20 is for the preservative.

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23
Q

Specimens must be put in a container labeled with patient’s name and specimen source/site, and with pathology requisition form.

A

SPECIMENRECEPTION

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24
Q

In specimen reception, Date and time must also be added as well as the surgeon
who removed the tissue

A

In cases of discrepancies, call the nurse who committed
an error in labelling and let her correct it once again

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25
Q

Criteria for rejection of Specimen:

A

▪ Setting: Bold Discrepancies between requisition form and specimen labels
▪ Unlabeled, mislabeled, and inappropriately identified specimens (last resort: DNA identification)
▪ Leaking specimen containers
▪ Absent clinical data or history, and other necessary info

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26
Q

Specimen accessioning: giving of serial number

A

1st and most important step in HP outside the tissue processing procedures.

SP-2023-001 (SP: Specimen/surgical pathology) if autopsy: AP

Accession number must also be unique

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27
Q

Indicating codes may be used for the following:

A

Surgical Autopsy, Cytology

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28
Q

Sample Format of Accession Number

A

Indicating Code — Year ~ 1D Number of
Specimen. EX: #594-12345

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29
Q

Consists of describing the specimen and placing all or parts of it into a plastic cassette, in preparation for tissue processing

A

Gross examination

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30
Q

One of the basis of pathologists’ diagnosis

A

Gross examination

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31
Q

Involves selection of elements that appear to be of clinical significance for histologic examination

A

Gross examination

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32
Q

is the one who perform gross examination

A

Pathologist

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33
Q

can also perform but on minimum/minimal type of examinations

A

Medical technologists

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34
Q

Materials for Gross Examination: Gross table or Gross Workstations

A

→ Sink
→ Tabletop
→ Water supply
→ Irrigation system ;
→ Fume extraction/ventilation system
→ Water disposal unit

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35
Q

Materials for Gross Examination: Cutting Tools

A

→ Scissors
→ Forceps
→ Blade Holders
→ Blade

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36
Q

● Specimens only requiring transfer from container to tissue cassette
● Medtech can be able to perform GE to this category of specimen

A

Specimen Category A

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37
Q

● Specimens requiring transfer but with standard sampling, counting, weighing or slicing
● Ex. skin ellipse such as warts. Once removed it will be passed in the laboratory
● Medtech Scan still perform GE on this category of specimen

A

Specimen Category B

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38
Q

● Simple dissection required with sampling needing a low level of diagnostic assessment and/or preparation.
● Medtech can also still be able to perform GE in this category of specimen

A

Specimen Category C

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39
Q

● Dissection and sampling required needing a moderate level of assessment
● Both D and E can only be performed by the pathologist

A

Specimen Category D

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40
Q

Specimens requiring complex dissection and sampling methods

A

Specimen Category E

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41
Q

Specimens for Gross Description Only

A
  1. Accessory digits
  2. Bunions (aka hallux valgus) & hammer toes
  3. Extraocular muscle from corrective surgery
  4. Inguinal hernia sacs in adult
  5. Nasal bone & cartilage from rhinoplasty
  6. Prosthetic breast implant
  7. Prosthetic heart valves w/o attached tissue
  8. Tonsils and adenoids from children
  9. Umbilical hernia sacs in children
  10. Varicose veins
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42
Q

SPX Excluded from Mandatory Submission

A
  1. Bone donated
  2. Bone segments
  3. Cataracts
  4. Dental appliances and teeth
  5. Fat
  6. Foreign bodies
  7. Foreskin
  8. IUDs (intrauterine device)
  9. Medical Devices (catheters, gastrostomy tubes, stents, and sutures) that have not contributed to the patient’s illness, injury, or death
  10. Middle ear ossicles
  11. Orthopedic Hardware and other Radiopaque Medical Devices
  12. Placentas
  13. Rib segments or other tissues
  14. Saphenous vein
  15. Skin or other normal tissue removed therapeutic radioactive sources
  16. Normal toenails and fingernails
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43
Q

Describing Specimens and gross description

A
  1. Identify the specimen. Note and verify all anatomical structures.
  2. Identify orientation markers used by surgeons if available.
    ▪ Inks
    ▪ Nicks
    ▪ Sutures
  3. Describe all notable characteristics:
    ▪ Type of specimen
    ▪ Shape - irregular, circular, rectangular (?)
    ▪ Color - brown, tan , whitish, grayish
    ▪ Texture/Consistency - velvety, smooth, rough
    ▪ Odor
    ▪ Dimensions (length, width, depth) - rounded to nearest 1.0
    cm. For multiple pieces, indicate the size of the largest.
    ▪ Weight - of intact organs are rounded to the nearest 0.1g.
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44
Q

How to Describe the
Specimen

A
  1. Orientation (Anatomical, Clockface)
  2. Inking
  3. Suturing (12 & 3 o’clock marker
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45
Q

Inking

A

● Resection margins
● Embedding instructions
● Orientation
● Distinguish between samples
● Identify the cut surface
● Acetic acid
● NOTE:RECOMMENDED COLOR SCHEME
→ Blue (Superior)
→ Green (Inferior)
→ Black (Posterior or Deep)
→ Red (Medial)
→ Yellow (Anterior)
→ Orange (Lateral)

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46
Q

Blue
Green
Black
Red
Yellow
Orange

A

Superior
Inferior
Posterior
Medial
Anterior
Lateral

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47
Q

Sectioning

A

● Taking a representative sample of the tissue.
● Indicate number of sections and blocks on the gross
description.
● Specimen must fit easily into the standard cassette, which
measures 3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
● Thickness: not more than 0.3 cm to allow for closing of cassette
and fixative penetration.
● When possible, edges of tissue should be squared.

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48
Q

In sectionning, Specimen must fit easily into the standard cassette, which
measures _____

A

3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm

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49
Q

In sectioning, Thickness: not more than ___ to allow for closing of cassette
and fixative penetration.

A

0.3 cm

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50
Q

For small specimens, partially about 2 mm thick to look for ___.

A

small lesions

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51
Q

___ may be used in wrapping small samples.

A

Filter paper

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52
Q

For large specimens, cut at an interval of ___ thickness
(termed as ___) to ensure that pathologic areas or
turmoral areas are identified.

A

1 cm, breadloafing

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53
Q

If printed, a ___ must be used.

A

dot matrix

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54
Q

is fixed first before grossed

A

Brain

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55
Q

Brain is Tied at the ___ and suspended

A

Circle of willis

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56
Q

Brain Must not touch side side of container to avoid deformity

A

True

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57
Q

Brain should be in ___ for ___ weeks

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin, 2-3 weeks

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58
Q

Base (the area where cautery arteries are located)
is always inked

A

Polyps

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59
Q

Bisected and placed in one cassette

A

Small polyps

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60
Q

Polyps and Small Polyps and Large polyps

A

Colon Cancers

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61
Q

Sides are trimmed away from the stalk, and stalk is placed in a separate cassette

A

Large Polyps

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62
Q

Vertical orientation is always maintained (using markers)

A

Dermatologic SPX

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63
Q

Punch biopsies are submitted whole

A

Dermatologic SPX

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64
Q

Tissues greater than 4mm are dissected

A

Dermatologic SPX

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65
Q

serially cut along the short axis at 2 to 3 mm interval. The two most distal sections or tips are submitted in two separate cassettes. Remainder is submitted in one or more cassettes

A

Skin ellipses

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66
Q

Dermatologic SPX

A

Vertical orientation is always maintained (using markers)

Punch biopsies are submitted whole

Tissues greater than 4mm are dissected

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67
Q

Inject fixative first then gross

A

Eyes

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68
Q

Wash in running water then immerse in TSE softeners

A

Hard tissues

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69
Q

Must be out open longitudinally and fixed with cottons inside

A

Hollow structures

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70
Q

Most important components of tumor resections because
they are essential for prognosis and planning therapeutic
options

A

Lymph nodes

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71
Q

Should be received fresh and not immersed in formalin

A

Lymph nodes

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72
Q

Node is ___, and entirely submitted

A

bivalved

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73
Q

usually the first lymph node to be involved during metastasis. Entirely submitted. However, large specimens may be bisected, and submitted in one or two cassettes

A

Sentinel lymph nodes

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74
Q

Note for weight, size of breast and axillary dissection, skin
ellipse, nipple scar, basal margins

A

Masectomy

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75
Q

Additional processes such as IHC, flow cytometry,
cytogenetics and molecular genetics is often done. These
may require fresh, frozen, or specially processed tissues

A

Pediatric SPX

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76
Q

Specimen with Tumor, Identify:?

A

Identify:
▪ Site & size of tumor
▪ Location & structure invaded by tumor
▪ Vascular invasion
▪ Presence of lymph node
▪ Distance from resection margin

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77
Q

Defined as the killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues

A

Fixation

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78
Q

when tissue is exposed to formalin, it tends to
harden. Because its hardening is the mechanism for the
tissue to handle the following processes for tissue
processing

A

Hardening

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79
Q

since we all know that some fixatives have
different penetration rates. For example, formalin has 1 ml/hr,
then slows down goes by. and penetrates even deeper

A

Penetration

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80
Q

First and most critical step in tissue processing
→ if this step is inadequate, then the succeeding processing
steps will also be inadequate

A

Fixation

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81
Q

Primary purpose of fixation

A

preserve the morphologic and chemical
integrity of the cell in a life-like manner as possible

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82
Q

Effects of Fixatives

A

● Hardens soft tissues in preparation for further tissue processing
→ accelerated by the action of alcohol during dehydration
process
● Render cell resistant to damage caused by chemicals used in
further processing
● Inhibit decomposition caused by bacteria and fungi
→ because of the fixative, mamamatay ang mga bacteria and
fungi
● Minimize the risk of occupational infection
→ since the bacteria and fungi are dead
● Act as mordant for certain stains, thus promoting and
hastening staining, or inhibit certain dyes
● Reduce the risk of infections during handling and actual
processing of tissue

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83
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIXATIVE

A

● Cheap
● Stable
● Safe
● Quick
● Inhibits bacterial decomposition
● Produce minimum shrinkage
● Rapid and even penetration
● Hardens the tissue
● Makes cellular contents resistant to further processing
● Permit Staining

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84
Q

Fixative of Choice

A

● 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
● Morphologic criteria for dx have been established based on
Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)
→ You need to know what type of fixative you are going to use
depending on what type of tissue that you’re going to fix.
→ Different tissue = Different Fixative
→ Most common: 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (ex. brain)
→ Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)
preferred for diagnosis and for pathologists.

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85
Q

Most Common fixative

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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86
Q

preferred for diagnosis and for pathologists.

A

Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)

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87
Q

Time

A

Must be performed as soon as possible; 20-30 mins after blood
supply is cut off

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88
Q

Tissue-to-Fixative Ratio

A

1:10 or 1:20 (tissue to fixative ratio)

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89
Q

Penetration Rate

A

Formalin: 1mm/hr (but slows down as it goes deeper to the
tissue)

90
Q

Thickness of Specimen

A

● Larger → Longer fixation time, more fixative
● Light Microscopy: 2cm2 x 0.4cm
● Electron Microscopy 1-2 mm2

91
Q

Tissue Components

A

● Longer fixation time: Fibrous tissues
● Mucus → wash with NSS
● Fat → cut into slices → fixed longer
● Blood → flushed out with saline
● Shorter Fixation Time: Small or loosely textured tissues

92
Q

Longer fixation time

A

Fibrous tissues
● Mucus

93
Q

Mucus

A

wash with NSS

94
Q

Fat

A

cut into slices → fixed longer

95
Q

Blood

A

flushed out with saline

96
Q

Shorter Fixation Time

A

Small or loosely textured tissues

97
Q

pH

A

optimal pH: 6 to 8

98
Q

Use Buffers

A

To maintain pH

99
Q

For Electron Microscopy, pH should match ___

A

physiologic pH

100
Q

Higher temp

A

faster fixation rate and autolysis

101
Q

Optimal Temp (routine)

A

Room temp to 45°C

102
Q

Tissue processors

A

40°C

103
Q

Microwave Processing

A

Up to 65°C

104
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

0-4°C

105
Q

100°C

A

Tuberculosis Specimens

106
Q

60°C

A

Rapid Biopsy

107
Q

Room temp to 45°C

A

Optimal Temp (routine)

108
Q

40°C

A

Tissue processors

109
Q

Up to 65°C

A

Microwave Processing

110
Q

0-4°C

A

Electron Microscopy

111
Q

100°C

A

Tuberculosis Specimens

112
Q

60°C

A

Rapid Biopsy

113
Q

Hypertonicity

A

cell shrinkage

114
Q

Isotonicity and hypotonicity

A

cell swelling - the cell will burst

115
Q

maintain tissues at

A

slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)

116
Q

Hastens fixation

A

Agitation, Vacuum

117
Q

Simple Fixative

A

made out of only one component

o Aldehyde
o Metallic Fixatives
o Picric Acid
o Glacial Acetic Acid
o Alcohol
o Osmium Tetroxide
o Trichloroacetic Acid
o Acetone
o Heat

118
Q

Cimpound Fixative

A

2 or more components or fixative combined
together in order to obtain the optimal combined effect of their
individual action

119
Q

2 or more components or fixative combined
together in order to obtain the optimal combined effect of their
individual action

A

Compound fixative

120
Q

General study of tissues without structure alteration

A

Microanatomical

121
Q

Examples of Microanatomical

A

→ 10% NBF
→ 10% Formal-Saline
→ Formal-Sublimate
→ Heidenhain’s Susa
→ Zenker’s
→ Zenker-formal (Helly’s)
→ Bouin’s
→ Brasil’s

122
Q

to preserve the specific and microscopic elements of the
cell

A

Cytological

123
Q

pH < 4-6 Glacial acetic acid has affinity to
nuclear chromatin

A

Nuclear

124
Q

Examples of Nuclear Cytological

A

■ Flemming’s with glacial acetic acid
■ Carnoy’s
■ Bouin’s
■ Newcomer’s
■ Heidenhain’s

125
Q

pH > 4-6 HAc destroys mitochondria and
Golgi bodies

A

Cytoplasmic

126
Q

Examples of Cytoplasmic cytological

A

■ Helly’s
■ Orth’s
■ Regoud’s/Moller’s
■ Formalin with Post-chroming
■ Flemming’s without glacial acetic acid

127
Q

Preserves chemical constituents of cells & tissues

A

Histochemical

128
Q

Examples of Histochemical

A

○ 10% Formal Saline
○ Absolute ethanol
○ Newcomer’s
○ Acetone

129
Q

Gas produced by oxidation of methanol

A

Fomraldehyde

130
Q

most common are the routine fixative that we are using for
histopathologic techniques

A

Fomraldehyde

131
Q

Formaldehyde concentrations

A

→ 100% (pure/absolute formali) - gas form
→ 37-40% - stock concentration (causes overhardening of the
external surfaces of tissues)
→ 10% - working solution; most commonly used

132
Q

100% (pure/absolute formalin)

A

gas form

133
Q

Usually buffered to ___ with ___

A

pH 7, phosphate buffer

134
Q

Advantages of Formaldehyde

A

cheap, readily available, easy to
prepare

compatible with many stains

penetrates tissue well

allows natural tissue color to be
restored

135
Q

Disadvantages of Formaldehyde

A

irritating to the nose and eyes,
(allergic rhinitis); may cause
Dermatitis

If unbuffered, may reduce both
basophilic and eosinophilic
staining

prolonged fixation may cause
bleaching of the specimen
(discoloration)

136
Q

Prolonged storage

A

White
paraformaldehyde
precipitates - - Filter
- Add 10% methanol
(but denatures
proteins thus
unsuitable for
Electron Microscopy)

137
Q

Unbuffered
(can reduce the
staining quality of the
tissues and there will
be formation of
formalin pigments on
out tissues)

A

Formation of formic
acid- Buffer or Methanol

138
Q

Action of formic acid
with excess blood
(blood must be
removed or washed
away before placing
our fixatives)

A

Formalin pigments
Brown/Black
precipitates - Saturated alcoholic
picric acid

139
Q

Saturated formaldehyde + 10% NaCl

A

10% FORMOL-SALINE

140
Q

recommended for fixation of CNS Tissues and general post
mortem tissues for histochemical examination

A

10% FORMOL-SALINE

141
Q

ADV & DADV of 10% FORMOL-SALINE

A

● ADV: ideal for Silver impregnation staining technique
● DADV: slower; tissue shrinks during alcohol dehydration

142
Q

Formaldehyde + Na Dihydrogen Phosphate + Disodium
hydrogen Phosphate

A

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

143
Q

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

A

Formaldehyde + Na Dihydrogen Phosphate + Disodium
hydrogen Phosphate

144
Q

Best general tissue fixative

A

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

145
Q

Best for iron-containing pigments and elastic fibers which do not
stain well after Susa, Zenker or Chromate fixation

A

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

146
Q

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN Fixation time

A

4-24 hrs

147
Q

Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride + 40% Formaldehyde

A

FORMOL-CORROSIVE (FORMOL MERCURIC
CHLORIDE)

148
Q

Recommended for routine post mortem tissues; Silver
Reticulum staining methods

A

FORMOL-CORROSIVE (FORMOL MERCURIC
CHLORIDE)

149
Q

Has 95% ETOH, Picric acid, and GHAc

A

GENDRE’S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)

150
Q

GENDRE’S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)

ADV: good for microincineration techniques, fixes ___

A

Sputum

151
Q

For gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone
marrow (BM)

A

HOLLANDE’S

152
Q

made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains;
Container must be refrigerated

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

153
Q

For enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

154
Q

GLUTARALDEHYDE Concentrations

→ 0.25% -
→ 2.5% -
→ 3% -
→ 4% -

A

→ 0.25% - for immune electron microscopy
→ 2.5% - for small TSE fragments
→ 3% - most common (general type of tissues)
→ 4% - for large TSE

155
Q

Polymer of formalin

A

Paraformaldehyde

156
Q

Powder in form, used in ___

A

Parafomaldehyde, 4%

157
Q

Plastic embedding

A

Paraformaldehyde

158
Q

For ultrathin and electron microscopy

A

Paraformaldehyde

159
Q

Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin

A

KARNOVSKY’S PARAFORMALDEHYDE/
GLUTARALDEHYDE

160
Q

Purpose of KARNOVSKY’S PARAFORMALDEHYDE/
GLUTARALDEHYDE

A

for Electron Histochemistry and Electron
Immunocytochemistry

161
Q

● ADV: no smudging of nuclei and distortion of staining compared
with formalin
● DADV reduced staining capacity

A

40% AQUEOUS GLYOXAL

162
Q

Metallic Fixatives

Mercuric chloride

A

Zenker
Zenker-Formol (Helly’s)
Carnoy-Lebron
Heidenhain’s Susa
B5
Schaudinn’s

163
Q

Metallic Fixatives

Chromates

A

Chromic Acid
Regaud’sMuller’s
Orth’s
Potassium dichromate

164
Q

Most common metallic fixatives;__%

A

Mercuric Chloride, 5-7%

165
Q

Routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell in tissue
photography

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE

166
Q

Trichrome staining is excellent

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE

167
Q

ZENKER’S FLUID

A

● HgCI2 + potassium dichromate + galactic acetic acid
● Good general fixative for adequate reservation of all kinds of
tissues

168
Q

ZENKER-FORMOL (HELLY’S SOLl’N)

A

● HgCI2 + potassium dichromate + strong formalin (40%)
● For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs,
preserves
● Brown pigments are removed with saturated alcoholic picric
acid or NaOH

169
Q

Good general fixative for adequate reservation of all kinds of
tissues

A

ZENKER’S FLUID

170
Q

For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs,
preserves

A

ZENKER-FORMOL (HELLY’S SOLl’N)

171
Q

EIDENHAIN’S SUSA SOL’N [Su=sublimate; Sa=saure (acid)]

A

HgCI2 + NaCI + TCA + galactic acetic acid + formalin

172
Q

Skin tumor biopsy

A

HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA SOL’N

173
Q

ADV: minimum cell shrinkage and tissue hardening due to
counterbalance effect of acids and mercury

A

→ Acids: swelling
→ Mercury: shrinkage

174
Q

Does not produce black pigment

A

HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA SOL’N

175
Q

Recommended for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

A

B-5 FIXATIVE

176
Q

Bone marrow biopsies

A

B-5 FIXATIVE

177
Q

FT: 4-8 hrs

A

B-5 FIXATIVE

178
Q

Recommended for making smears of loose cells on slides.

A

SCHAUDINN’S FLUID

179
Q

Preserves carbohydrates precipitates all protein

A

CHROMIC ACID 1-2%

180
Q

For chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC,
and colloid containing tissues

A

REGAUD’S/MULLER’S FLUID

181
Q

Study of early degenerative processes and necrosis; Rickettsia
and other bacteria

A

ORTH’S FLUID

182
Q

reserves myelin

A

ORTH’S FLUID

183
Q

Preserves lipids and mitochondria at H 4.5-5.2; cytoplasm,
chromatin, and chromosome are fixed

A

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

184
Q

Corrosive, thus avoid skin contact

A

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

185
Q

Preserves acid mucopolysaccharide

A

LEAD

186
Q

Normally used in strong aqueous solution (1%)

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES

187
Q

Glycogen demonstration

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES

188
Q

Highly explosive when dry

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES

189
Q

Yellowing effect

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES

190
Q

For embryo and pituitary biopsies and tissues to be stained with
Masson’s Trichrome

A

BOUIN’S

191
Q

Better and less messy than Bouin’s

A

BRASIL’S ALCOHOLIC ICROFORMOL

192
Q

Incorporated in compound fixatives

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES

193
Q

Solidifies at 17 degrees celsius

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES

194
Q

Important for nuclear fixatives (precipitates nucleoproteins,
chromatins)

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES

195
Q

Destroys mitochondria and Golgi elements, thus not for
cytoplasmic fixation

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES

196
Q

Causes polarization of glycogen

A

ALCOHOL FIXATIVES

197
Q

rapidly denatures and precips CHONs (cholesterol),
preserves nuclear stains

A

ALCOHOL FIXATIVES

198
Q

Most rapid tissue fixative (1-3 hrs)

A

CARNOY’S FLUID

199
Q

Fixing brain tissue for rabies diagnosis

A

CARNOY’S FLUID

200
Q

Fixes Nissl granules and cytoplasmic granules

A

CARNOY’S FLUID

201
Q

Enzyme studies; Does not fix but preserves glycogen

A

ETHANOLl (70-100%)

202
Q

Dry and wet smears, BM (bone marrow) smears, bacterial
smears

A

METHANOL/WOOD ALCOHOL(100%)

203
Q

Touch prep smears to be Wright-stained

A

ISOPROPANOL

204
Q

For mucopolysaccharide (12-18 hrs)

A

NEWCOMER’S FLUID

205
Q

For sputum (4-18 hrs)

A

GENDRE’S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)

206
Q

Pale yellow powder in water (6% in 20OC)

A

OSMIC ACID FIXATIVES

207
Q

Ultrathin sections in Electron Microscopy

A

OSMIC ACID FIXATIVES

208
Q

Tissue-to-fixative ratio of Osmic acid fixatives

A

Tissue-to-fixative ratio: 1:5

209
Q

Nuclear fixative (____hrs)

A

FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/ GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID), 24-48hrs

210
Q

Most common osmic acid fixative

A

FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/ GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID)

211
Q

Cytoplasmic fixative (24-48 hrs)

A

FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/O GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID)

212
Q

Incorporated into compound fibers

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

213
Q

Poor penetration thus for small pieces of tissues or bones

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

214
Q

Weak decalcifying agent, thus has softening effect on dense
fibrous tissues

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

215
Q

Use at ice cold temperature (_____ degree celsius)

A

ACETONE, -5 to 4 degree celsius

216
Q

For water-diffusale enzymes (Phosphatase, Lipase)

A

ACETONE

217
Q

Fixes brain tissue (for rabies)

A

ACETONE

218
Q

Another method wherein we can add heat fixation or apply it on
our fixative with our tissue cassettes in order to increase the
process of fixation

A

HEAT FIXATION

219
Q

Involves thermal coagulation of tissue proteins for rapid
diagnosis

A

HEAT FIXATION

220
Q

Frozen tissue sections & bacteriologic smears

A

HEAT FIXATION

221
Q

10-15 mm thickness of tissue

A

HEAT FIXATION

222
Q

Technique whereby a primary fixed tissue is placed in Aq. Soln
of 2.5-3% Potassium Dichromate (mordant) for 24 hrs

A

POST - CHROMATIZATION

HistoPath Lec (6 decks)

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