Pre analytical Factors, Gross Examination, Fixation Flashcards
1
Q
time interval between surgical intervention and proper fixation of the removed specimen
A
Ischemia time
2
Q
prolonged ischemia time
A
Ischemia time
3
Q
a condition in which the blood flow and oxygen is restricted or reduced in a part the a body
A
Ischemia
4
Q
Surgical theater
A
Surgical proper
5
Q
Kukunin yung sample?
A
Pathological anatomy
6
Q
travel to the laboratory for gross examination pero
merong initial fixation na nangyayari
A
Grossing
7
Q
fixation, embedding, and staining are all ___
A
Standerdized
8
Q
occurs during operation when blood supply of tissue is cut off
A
Warm Ischemia time
9
Q
starts a series of biochemical changes that leads to tissue poor quality
A
Warm Ischemia Time
10
Q
affected by the whole surgical procedure
A
Warm Ischemia Time
11
Q
Warm Ischemia Time
A
● occurs during operation when blood supply of tissue is cut off
● starts a series of biochemical changes that leads to tissue poor quality
● affected by the whole surgical procedure
12
Q
interval between tissue removal from
the patient and arrival in the pathology laboratory for grossing
A
Cold Ischemia Time
13
Q
prolonged → temperature of
specimen will gradually reach the external temperature, and autolysis and drying of the surface may occur
A
Cold Ischemia Time
14
Q
Cold Ischemia Time
A
- interval between tissue removal from
the patient and arrival in the pathology laboratory for grossing
-prolonged → temperature of
specimen will gradually reach the external temperature, and autolysis and drying of the surface may occur
15
Q
All parts to be examined must be initially fixed
A
Pre analytic fixation
16
Q
Earlier fixation
A
better tissue preservation
17
Q
Improper fixation
A
impede tissue processing
18
Q
Observe proper tissue-to-fixative ratio
A
Observe proper tissue-to-fixative ratio
19
Q
3-5mm thick tissues
A
fixed for 6-48 hrs
20
Q
The longer it will be fixed, the better
A
True
21
Q
5mm thick tissues and large tissues (such as limbs)
A
sectioned prior to fixation, or else, fixation will not be complete and may occur only at the periphery of the tissue
22
Q
Ratio is 20:1
A
1 stands for the size of the tissue; 20 is for the preservative.
23
Q
Specimens must be put in a container labeled with patient’s name and specimen source/site, and with pathology requisition form.
A
SPECIMENRECEPTION
24
Q
In specimen reception, Date and time must also be added as well as the surgeon
who removed the tissue
A
In cases of discrepancies, call the nurse who committed
an error in labelling and let her correct it once again
25
Criteria for rejection of Specimen:
▪ Setting: Bold Discrepancies between requisition form and specimen labels
▪ Unlabeled, mislabeled, and inappropriately identified specimens (last resort: DNA identification)
▪ Leaking specimen containers
▪ Absent clinical data or history, and other necessary info
26
Specimen accessioning: giving of serial number
1st and most important step in HP outside the tissue processing procedures.
SP-2023-001 (SP: Specimen/surgical pathology) if autopsy: AP
Accession number must also be unique
27
Indicating codes may be used for the following:
Surgical Autopsy, Cytology
28
Sample Format of Accession Number
Indicating Code — Year ~ 1D Number of
Specimen. EX: #594-12345
29
Consists of describing the specimen and placing all or parts of it into a plastic cassette, in preparation for tissue processing
Gross examination
30
One of the basis of pathologists’ diagnosis
Gross examination
31
Involves selection of elements that appear to be of clinical significance for histologic examination
Gross examination
32
is the one who perform gross examination
Pathologist
33
can also perform but on minimum/minimal type of examinations
Medical technologists
34
Materials for Gross Examination: Gross table or Gross Workstations
→ Sink
→ Tabletop
→ Water supply
→ Irrigation system ;
→ Fume extraction/ventilation system
→ Water disposal unit
35
Materials for Gross Examination: Cutting Tools
→ Scissors
→ Forceps
→ Blade Holders
→ Blade
36
● Specimens only requiring transfer from container to tissue cassette
● Medtech can be able to perform GE to this category of specimen
Specimen Category A
37
● Specimens requiring transfer but with standard sampling, counting, weighing or slicing
● Ex. skin ellipse such as warts. Once removed it will be passed in the laboratory
● Medtech Scan still perform GE on this category of specimen
Specimen Category B
38
● Simple dissection required with sampling needing a low level of diagnostic assessment and/or preparation.
● Medtech can also still be able to perform GE in this category of specimen
Specimen Category C
39
● Dissection and sampling required needing a moderate level of assessment
● Both D and E can only be performed by the pathologist
Specimen Category D
40
Specimens requiring complex dissection and sampling methods
Specimen Category E
41
Specimens for Gross Description Only
1. Accessory digits
2. Bunions (aka hallux valgus) & hammer toes
3. Extraocular muscle from corrective surgery
4. Inguinal hernia sacs in adult
5. Nasal bone & cartilage from rhinoplasty
6. Prosthetic breast implant
7. Prosthetic heart valves w/o attached tissue
8. Tonsils and adenoids from children
9. Umbilical hernia sacs in children
10. Varicose veins
42
SPX Excluded from Mandatory Submission
1. Bone donated
2. Bone segments
3. Cataracts
4. Dental appliances and teeth
5. Fat
6. Foreign bodies
7. Foreskin
8. IUDs (intrauterine device)
9. Medical Devices (catheters, gastrostomy tubes, stents, and sutures) that have not contributed to the patient’s illness, injury, or death
10. Middle ear ossicles
11. Orthopedic Hardware and other Radiopaque Medical Devices
12. Placentas
13. Rib segments or other tissues
14. Saphenous vein
15. Skin or other normal tissue removed therapeutic radioactive sources
16. Normal toenails and fingernails
43
Describing Specimens and gross description
1. Identify the specimen. Note and verify all anatomical structures.
2. Identify orientation markers used by surgeons if available.
▪ Inks
▪ Nicks
▪ Sutures
3. Describe all notable characteristics:
▪ Type of specimen
▪ Shape - irregular, circular, rectangular (?)
▪ Color - brown, tan , whitish, grayish
▪ Texture/Consistency - velvety, smooth, rough
▪ Odor
▪ Dimensions (length, width, depth) - rounded to nearest 1.0
cm. For multiple pieces, indicate the size of the largest.
▪ Weight - of intact organs are rounded to the nearest 0.1g.
44
How to Describe the
Specimen
1. Orientation (Anatomical, Clockface)
2. Inking
3. Suturing (12 & 3 o'clock marker
45
Inking
● Resection margins
● Embedding instructions
● Orientation
● Distinguish between samples
● Identify the cut surface
● Acetic acid
● NOTE:RECOMMENDED COLOR SCHEME
→ Blue (Superior)
→ Green (Inferior)
→ Black (Posterior or Deep)
→ Red (Medial)
→ Yellow (Anterior)
→ Orange (Lateral)
46
Blue
Green
Black
Red
Yellow
Orange
Superior
Inferior
Posterior
Medial
Anterior
Lateral
47
Sectioning
● Taking a representative sample of the tissue.
● Indicate number of sections and blocks on the gross
description.
● Specimen must fit easily into the standard cassette, which
measures 3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
● Thickness: not more than 0.3 cm to allow for closing of cassette
and fixative penetration.
● When possible, edges of tissue should be squared.
48
In sectionning, Specimen must fit easily into the standard cassette, which
measures _____
3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
49
In sectioning, Thickness: not more than ___ to allow for closing of cassette
and fixative penetration.
0.3 cm
50
For small specimens, partially about 2 mm thick to look for ___.
small lesions
51
___ may be used in wrapping small samples.
Filter paper
52
For large specimens, cut at an interval of ___ thickness
(termed as ___) to ensure that pathologic areas or
turmoral areas are identified.
1 cm, breadloafing
53
If printed, a ___ must be used.
dot matrix
54
is fixed first before grossed
Brain
55
Brain is Tied at the ___ and suspended
Circle of willis
56
Brain Must not touch side side of container to avoid deformity
True
57
Brain should be in ___ for ___ weeks
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin, 2-3 weeks
58
Base (the area where cautery arteries are located)
is always inked
Polyps
59
Bisected and placed in one cassette
Small polyps
60
Polyps and Small Polyps and Large polyps
Colon Cancers
61
Sides are trimmed away from the stalk, and stalk is placed in a separate cassette
Large Polyps
62
Vertical orientation is always maintained (using markers)
Dermatologic SPX
63
Punch biopsies are submitted whole
Dermatologic SPX
64
Tissues greater than 4mm are dissected
Dermatologic SPX
65
serially cut along the short axis at 2 to 3 mm interval. The two most distal sections or tips are submitted in two separate cassettes. Remainder is submitted in one or more cassettes
Skin ellipses
66
Dermatologic SPX
Vertical orientation is always maintained (using markers)
Punch biopsies are submitted whole
Tissues greater than 4mm are dissected
67
Inject fixative first then gross
Eyes
68
Wash in running water then immerse in TSE softeners
Hard tissues
69
Must be out open longitudinally and fixed with cottons inside
Hollow structures
70
Most important components of tumor resections because
they are essential for prognosis and planning therapeutic
options
Lymph nodes
71
Should be received fresh and not immersed in formalin
Lymph nodes
72
Node is ___, and entirely submitted
bivalved
73
usually the first lymph node to be involved during metastasis. Entirely submitted. However, large specimens may be bisected, and submitted in one or two cassettes
Sentinel lymph nodes
74
Note for weight, size of breast and axillary dissection, skin
ellipse, nipple scar, basal margins
Masectomy
75
Additional processes such as IHC, flow cytometry,
cytogenetics and molecular genetics is often done. These
may require fresh, frozen, or specially processed tissues
Pediatric SPX
76
Specimen with Tumor, Identify:?
Identify:
▪ Site & size of tumor
▪ Location & structure invaded by tumor
▪ Vascular invasion
▪ Presence of lymph node
▪ Distance from resection margin
77
Defined as the killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues
Fixation
78
when tissue is exposed to formalin, it tends to
harden. Because its hardening is the mechanism for the
tissue to handle the following processes for tissue
processing
Hardening
79
since we all know that some fixatives have
different penetration rates. For example, formalin has 1 ml/hr,
then slows down goes by. and penetrates even deeper
Penetration
80
First and most critical step in tissue processing
→ if this step is inadequate, then the succeeding processing
steps will also be inadequate
Fixation
81
Primary purpose of fixation
preserve the morphologic and chemical
integrity of the cell in a life-like manner as possible
82
Effects of Fixatives
● Hardens soft tissues in preparation for further tissue processing
→ accelerated by the action of alcohol during dehydration
process
● Render cell resistant to damage caused by chemicals used in
further processing
● Inhibit decomposition caused by bacteria and fungi
→ because of the fixative, mamamatay ang mga bacteria and
fungi
● Minimize the risk of occupational infection
→ since the bacteria and fungi are dead
● Act as mordant for certain stains, thus promoting and
hastening staining, or inhibit certain dyes
● Reduce the risk of infections during handling and actual
processing of tissue
83
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIXATIVE
● Cheap
● Stable
● Safe
● Quick
● Inhibits bacterial decomposition
● Produce minimum shrinkage
● Rapid and even penetration
● Hardens the tissue
● Makes cellular contents resistant to further processing
● Permit Staining
84
Fixative of Choice
● 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
● Morphologic criteria for dx have been established based on
Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)
→ You need to know what type of fixative you are going to use
depending on what type of tissue that you’re going to fix.
→ Different tissue = Different Fixative
→ Most common: 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (ex. brain)
→ Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)
preferred for diagnosis and for pathologists.
85
Most Common fixative
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
86
preferred for diagnosis and for pathologists.
Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimen (FFPES)
87
Time
Must be performed as soon as possible; 20-30 mins after blood
supply is cut off
88
Tissue-to-Fixative Ratio
1:10 or 1:20 (tissue to fixative ratio)
89
Penetration Rate
Formalin: 1mm/hr (but slows down as it goes deeper to the
tissue)
90
Thickness of Specimen
● Larger → Longer fixation time, more fixative
● Light Microscopy: 2cm2 x 0.4cm
● Electron Microscopy 1-2 mm2
91
Tissue Components
● Longer fixation time: Fibrous tissues
● Mucus → wash with NSS
● Fat → cut into slices → fixed longer
● Blood → flushed out with saline
● Shorter Fixation Time: Small or loosely textured tissues
92
Longer fixation time
Fibrous tissues
● Mucus
93
Mucus
wash with NSS
94
Fat
cut into slices → fixed longer
95
Blood
flushed out with saline
96
Shorter Fixation Time
Small or loosely textured tissues
97
pH
optimal pH: 6 to 8
98
Use Buffers
To maintain pH
99
For Electron Microscopy, pH should match ___
physiologic pH
100
Higher temp
faster fixation rate and autolysis
101
Optimal Temp (routine)
Room temp to 45°C
102
Tissue processors
40°C
103
Microwave Processing
Up to 65°C
104
Electron Microscopy
0-4°C
105
100°C
Tuberculosis Specimens
106
60°C
Rapid Biopsy
107
Room temp to 45°C
Optimal Temp (routine)
108
40°C
Tissue processors
109
Up to 65°C
Microwave Processing
110
0-4°C
Electron Microscopy
111
100°C
Tuberculosis Specimens
112
60°C
Rapid Biopsy
113
Hypertonicity
cell shrinkage
114
Isotonicity and hypotonicity
cell swelling - the cell will burst
115
maintain tissues at
slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)
116
Hastens fixation
Agitation, Vacuum
117
Simple Fixative
made out of only one component
o Aldehyde
o Metallic Fixatives
o Picric Acid
o Glacial Acetic Acid
o Alcohol
o Osmium Tetroxide
o Trichloroacetic Acid
o Acetone
o Heat
118
Cimpound Fixative
2 or more components or fixative combined
together in order to obtain the optimal combined effect of their
individual action
119
2 or more components or fixative combined
together in order to obtain the optimal combined effect of their
individual action
Compound fixative
120
General study of tissues without structure alteration
Microanatomical
121
Examples of Microanatomical
→ 10% NBF
→ 10% Formal-Saline
→ Formal-Sublimate
→ Heidenhain's Susa
→ Zenker's
→ Zenker-formal (Helly's)
→ Bouin's
→ Brasil's
122
to preserve the specific and microscopic elements of the
cell
Cytological
123
pH < 4-6 Glacial acetic acid has affinity to
nuclear chromatin
Nuclear
124
Examples of Nuclear Cytological
■ Flemming's with glacial acetic acid
■ Carnoy's
■ Bouin's
■ Newcomer's
■ Heidenhain's
125
pH > 4-6 HAc destroys mitochondria and
Golgi bodies
Cytoplasmic
126
Examples of Cytoplasmic cytological
■ Helly's
■ Orth's
■ Regoud's/Moller's
■ Formalin with Post-chroming
■ Flemming's without glacial acetic acid
127
Preserves chemical constituents of cells & tissues
Histochemical
128
Examples of Histochemical
○ 10% Formal Saline
○ Absolute ethanol
○ Newcomer's
○ Acetone
129
Gas produced by oxidation of methanol
Fomraldehyde
130
most common are the routine fixative that we are using for
histopathologic techniques
Fomraldehyde
131
Formaldehyde concentrations
→ 100% (pure/absolute formali) - gas form
→ 37-40% - stock concentration (causes overhardening of the
external surfaces of tissues)
→ 10% - working solution; most commonly used
132
100% (pure/absolute formalin)
gas form
133
Usually buffered to ___ with ___
pH 7, phosphate buffer
134
Advantages of Formaldehyde
cheap, readily available, easy to
prepare
compatible with many stains
penetrates tissue well
allows natural tissue color to be
restored
135
Disadvantages of Formaldehyde
irritating to the nose and eyes,
(allergic rhinitis); may cause
Dermatitis
If unbuffered, may reduce both
basophilic and eosinophilic
staining
prolonged fixation may cause
bleaching of the specimen
(discoloration)
136
Prolonged storage
White
paraformaldehyde
precipitates - - Filter
- Add 10% methanol
(but denatures
proteins thus
unsuitable for
Electron Microscopy)
137
Unbuffered
(can reduce the
staining quality of the
tissues and there will
be formation of
formalin pigments on
out tissues)
Formation of formic
acid- Buffer or Methanol
138
Action of formic acid
with excess blood
(blood must be
removed or washed
away before placing
our fixatives)
Formalin pigments
Brown/Black
precipitates - Saturated alcoholic
picric acid
139
Saturated formaldehyde + 10% NaCl
10% FORMOL-SALINE
140
recommended for fixation of CNS Tissues and general post
mortem tissues for histochemical examination
10% FORMOL-SALINE
141
ADV & DADV of 10% FORMOL-SALINE
● ADV: ideal for Silver impregnation staining technique
● DADV: slower; tissue shrinks during alcohol dehydration
142
Formaldehyde + Na Dihydrogen Phosphate + Disodium
hydrogen Phosphate
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
143
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
Formaldehyde + Na Dihydrogen Phosphate + Disodium
hydrogen Phosphate
144
Best general tissue fixative
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
145
Best for iron-containing pigments and elastic fibers which do not
stain well after Susa, Zenker or Chromate fixation
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
146
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN Fixation time
4-24 hrs
147
Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride + 40% Formaldehyde
FORMOL-CORROSIVE (FORMOL MERCURIC
CHLORIDE)
148
Recommended for routine post mortem tissues; Silver
Reticulum staining methods
FORMOL-CORROSIVE (FORMOL MERCURIC
CHLORIDE)
149
Has 95% ETOH, Picric acid, and GHAc
GENDRE'S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)
150
GENDRE'S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)
ADV: good for microincineration techniques, fixes ___
Sputum
151
For gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone
marrow (BM)
HOLLANDE'S
152
made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains;
Container must be refrigerated
GLUTARALDEHYDE
153
For enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy
GLUTARALDEHYDE
154
GLUTARALDEHYDE Concentrations
→ 0.25% -
→ 2.5% -
→ 3% -
→ 4% -
→ 0.25% - for immune electron microscopy
→ 2.5% - for small TSE fragments
→ 3% - most common (general type of tissues)
→ 4% - for large TSE
155
Polymer of formalin
Paraformaldehyde
156
Powder in form, used in ___
Parafomaldehyde, 4%
157
Plastic embedding
Paraformaldehyde
158
For ultrathin and electron microscopy
Paraformaldehyde
159
Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin
KARNOVSKY'S PARAFORMALDEHYDE/
GLUTARALDEHYDE
160
Purpose of KARNOVSKY'S PARAFORMALDEHYDE/
GLUTARALDEHYDE
for Electron Histochemistry and Electron
Immunocytochemistry
161
● ADV: no smudging of nuclei and distortion of staining compared
with formalin
● DADV reduced staining capacity
40% AQUEOUS GLYOXAL
162
Metallic Fixatives
Mercuric chloride
Zenker
Zenker-Formol (Helly's)
Carnoy-Lebron
Heidenhain's Susa
B5
Schaudinn's
163
Metallic Fixatives
Chromates
Chromic Acid
Regaud'sMuller's
Orth's
Potassium dichromate
164
Most common metallic fixatives;__%
Mercuric Chloride, 5-7%
165
Routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell in tissue
photography
MERCURIC CHLORIDE
166
Trichrome staining is excellent
MERCURIC CHLORIDE
167
ZENKER'S FLUID
● HgCI2 + potassium dichromate + galactic acetic acid
● Good general fixative for adequate reservation of all kinds of
tissues
168
ZENKER-FORMOL (HELLY'S SOLl'N)
● HgCI2 + potassium dichromate + strong formalin (40%)
● For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs,
preserves
● Brown pigments are removed with saturated alcoholic picric
acid or NaOH
169
Good general fixative for adequate reservation of all kinds of
tissues
ZENKER'S FLUID
170
For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs,
preserves
ZENKER-FORMOL (HELLY'S SOLl'N)
171
EIDENHAIN'S SUSA SOL'N [Su=sublimate; Sa=saure (acid)]
HgCI2 + NaCI + TCA + galactic acetic acid + formalin
172
Skin tumor biopsy
HEIDENHAIN'S SUSA SOL'N
173
ADV: minimum cell shrinkage and tissue hardening due to
counterbalance effect of acids and mercury
→ Acids: swelling
→ Mercury: shrinkage
174
Does not produce black pigment
HEIDENHAIN'S SUSA SOL'N
175
Recommended for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
B-5 FIXATIVE
176
Bone marrow biopsies
B-5 FIXATIVE
177
FT: 4-8 hrs
B-5 FIXATIVE
178
Recommended for making smears of loose cells on slides.
SCHAUDINN'S FLUID
179
Preserves carbohydrates precipitates all protein
CHROMIC ACID 1-2%
180
For chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC,
and colloid containing tissues
REGAUD'S/MULLER'S FLUID
181
Study of early degenerative processes and necrosis; Rickettsia
and other bacteria
ORTH'S FLUID
182
reserves myelin
ORTH'S FLUID
183
Preserves lipids and mitochondria at H 4.5-5.2; cytoplasm,
chromatin, and chromosome are fixed
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
184
Corrosive, thus avoid skin contact
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
185
Preserves acid mucopolysaccharide
LEAD
186
Normally used in strong aqueous solution (1%)
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES
187
Glycogen demonstration
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES
188
Highly explosive when dry
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES
189
Yellowing effect
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES
190
For embryo and pituitary biopsies and tissues to be stained with
Masson's Trichrome
BOUIN'S
191
Better and less messy than Bouin's
BRASIL'S ALCOHOLIC ICROFORMOL
192
Incorporated in compound fixatives
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES
193
Solidifies at 17 degrees celsius
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES
194
Important for nuclear fixatives (precipitates nucleoproteins,
chromatins)
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES
195
Destroys mitochondria and Golgi elements, thus not for
cytoplasmic fixation
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FIXATIVES
196
Causes polarization of glycogen
ALCOHOL FIXATIVES
197
rapidly denatures and precips CHONs (cholesterol),
preserves nuclear stains
ALCOHOL FIXATIVES
198
Most rapid tissue fixative (1-3 hrs)
CARNOY’S FLUID
199
Fixing brain tissue for rabies diagnosis
CARNOY’S FLUID
200
Fixes Nissl granules and cytoplasmic granules
CARNOY’S FLUID
201
Enzyme studies; Does not fix but preserves glycogen
ETHANOLl (70-100%)
202
Dry and wet smears, BM (bone marrow) smears, bacterial
smears
METHANOL/WOOD ALCOHOL(100%)
203
Touch prep smears to be Wright-stained
ISOPROPANOL
204
For mucopolysaccharide (12-18 hrs)
NEWCOMER’S FLUID
205
For sputum (4-18 hrs)
GENDRE’S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)
206
Pale yellow powder in water (6% in 20OC)
OSMIC ACID FIXATIVES
207
Ultrathin sections in Electron Microscopy
OSMIC ACID FIXATIVES
208
Tissue-to-fixative ratio of Osmic acid fixatives
Tissue-to-fixative ratio: 1:5
209
Nuclear fixative (____hrs)
FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/ GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID), 24-48hrs
210
Most common osmic acid fixative
FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/ GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID)
211
Cytoplasmic fixative (24-48 hrs)
FLEMMING’S SOL’N W/O GAC (GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID)
212
Incorporated into compound fibers
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
213
Poor penetration thus for small pieces of tissues or bones
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
214
Weak decalcifying agent, thus has softening effect on dense
fibrous tissues
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
215
Use at ice cold temperature (_____ degree celsius)
ACETONE, -5 to 4 degree celsius
216
For water-diffusale enzymes (Phosphatase, Lipase)
ACETONE
217
Fixes brain tissue (for rabies)
ACETONE
218
Another method wherein we can add heat fixation or apply it on
our fixative with our tissue cassettes in order to increase the
process of fixation
HEAT FIXATION
219
Involves thermal coagulation of tissue proteins for rapid
diagnosis
HEAT FIXATION
220
Frozen tissue sections & bacteriologic smears
HEAT FIXATION
221
10-15 mm thickness of tissue
HEAT FIXATION
222
Technique whereby a primary fixed tissue is placed in Aq. Soln
of 2.5-3% Potassium Dichromate (mordant) for 24 hrs
POST - CHROMATIZATION
