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English Language Year 1 > Pragmatics > Flashcards

Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

Define pragmatics

A

Inferred meanings create by social context. Deals with relationships and audience.

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2
Q

Define paralanguage

A

Paralinguistic features. Non-verbal aspects of communication where we express emotion.

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3
Q

Give examples of paralanguage

A

Hand gestures, eye contact, touch, emojis.

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4
Q

Define hyperbole

A

Exaggerated language.

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5
Q

Define idiom

A

Metaphorical sayings.

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6
Q

Define litotes

A

Understatements.

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7
Q

Define shared knowledge

A

Using language a social group understands. Can be jargon but also made up informal words.

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8
Q

Define divergence

A

When people’s speech styles move further apart. Usually a contextual reason.

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9
Q

Define convergence

A

A more common form of Giles’ Accommodation Theory. Occurs when people’s speech styles move closer.

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10
Q

Define a downward convergence

A

Someone with higher status converging to someone with lower status.

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11
Q

Define an upward convergence

A

Someone with lower status converging towards someone with higher status.

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12
Q

Define a mutual convergence

A

Both parties move speech patterns towards each other.

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13
Q

Define metaphors

A

Describes an action or object which isn’t literally true but helps explain and paint a picture or comparison.

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14
Q

Give examples of metaphors

A

Couch potato, night owl.

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15
Q

Define hypocorisms

A

A nickname that shows informality and closeness.

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16
Q

Give examples of hypocorisms

A

‘Toasted sandwich’ becomes ‘toastie. ‘Janet’ becomes ‘Jan’.

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17
Q

Define subtext

A

An underlying and obvious theme

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18
Q

Define honorific address

A

A form of address conveying esteem, courtesy or respect. E.g. Mrs, Mr, Dr

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19
Q

Define context bound information

A

Words that can have multiple meanings and can vary depending on context.

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20
Q

Give an example of context bound information

A

‘That over there must be where it is.’

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21
Q

Define transactional

A

Formalised context with a specific agenda.

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22
Q

Give an example of a transactional piece of spoken language

A

A business meeting.

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23
Q

Define referential

A

Information giving.

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24
Q

Give an example of a referential piece of spoken language

A

A teacher speaking to their class

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25
Define interactional
Talking for social purposes.
26
Give an example of interactional spoken language
Friends talking in the pavilion at lunch.
27
Define phatic
Small talk.
28
Define expressive
Showing emotions.
29
Give examples of expressive spoken language
Wedding vows or an argument.
30
Define taking the floor.
When someone establishes the topic of discussion and starts talking or decides upon the topic agenda.
31
Define child-directed speech.
Children learn via caregivers using simplified language and language full of prosody.
32
Define implicature
Where an implied meaning arises through flouting a maxim. Sarcasm often has implicatures.
33
Define deixis/indexical language/deictic language
Refers to words/phrases which are context dependent. Known as 'pointing language' as it refers to the world outside of the text. The use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place and person in context.
34
Define primary deixis
AKA exophoric deixis. Where texts refer to subjects that do not appear in the text. They must therefore be deduced by context and/or through shared knowledge.
35
List the three types of primary deixis
Person, spatial, temporal
36
Define person deixis
Based on socio-axes. Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it and most proper nouns.
37
Define spatial deixis
Based on spatio-axes. Words describing the speaker in space or in relation to other objects
38
Give examples of spatial deixis
Here, there, come, go, this, those, that
39
Define temporal deixis
Based on time-axes. Describes speaker in terms of time.
40
Give examples of temporal deixis
Now, then, yesterday
41
Define proximal deixis
This is where the situation is near to the speaker, e.g. this, here, now.
42
Define distal deixis
Used to express distance, e.g. that, there, then
43
Define secondary deixis
AKA endophoric deixis. Endophoric deictic terms are actually revealed in the text. Involves text internal reference.
44
Define anaphoric deixis
Refers to something the text has previously identified.
45
Define cataphoric deixis
Refers to something within a text which has not yet been introduced/identified, such as identifying the 3rd person pronoun.
46
Expressives
Providing praise to others. Also known as positive reinforcement.
47
48
Give an example of situational irony
A fire station gets burned down
49
Define verbal irony
When words express something contrary to the truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. It is often sarcastic.
50
Give an example of verbal irony
A mother looks at her son's messy room and says 'wow, you could win an award for cleanliness!'
51
Define dramatic irony
When the audience know more than the characters/people involved.
52
Give an example of dramatic irony
1) Pantomimes - 'he's behind you' 2) An Inspector Calls - Mr Birling predicts a future of peace and prosperity but the audience know there would be two forthcoming world wars.
53
Define hypophora
A rhetorical question that is answered
54
Define ideographs
When abstract nouns have emotional impact, they are known as ideographs
55
Give examples of ideographs
Virtue, peace, happiness, generosity
56
Define ethos
This is about the speaker/writer's credibility and trust. We are more likely to be persuaded/convinced if we trust the individual presenting the argument.
57
Define pathos
This is about how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience
58
Define logos
This is about how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. It is about the speaker's proof/evidence to form an argument.
59
Define kairos
This refers to the 'timeliness' of an argument, i.e. how current the issue is.
60
Define synchronous
Another term for ‘real time’ - it is the conversation happening NOW. Live and on the spot discourse. The transcripts we analyse are spoken in synchronous time.
61
Define asynchronous
The opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time. For instance, many television programmes are in asynchronous time and not live.
62
Define ephemeral
This is something that is short-lived e.g text messages we may not read again, snapchat, a to-do list for one day etc.
63
Define permanent
The opposite of ephemeral, it is a text which could be used over again and has a level of permanency, e.g. a contract, a novel etc.
64
Define political correctness
Where we use language to avoid excluding, marginalising or insulting people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against. Euphemisms can often become a dysphemism and thus political correctness is always evolving over time.
65
Define translation
Translating from one language to another
66
Define plagiarism
When a writer will use or closely copy work of others without citing or quoting them, thus claiming it as their own work.
67
Define allusion
A reference to something well-known, such as a person or place
68
Define parody
Mocks another text. Its purpose is for comedy value and thus creates humour.
69
Define pastiche
Work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists. It differs from parody as it doesn’t have the comedic effect.
70
Define default assumption
Where we assume something, unless told otherwise
71
Define presupposition
The linguistic term for 'belief' or 'assumption'
72
Define stereotypes
Assigning characteristics to others based on certain features - often with negatives connotations
73
Define gender
How you identify
74
Define sex
Biological differences - what you are born as
75
Define hegemony
Society's expectations. In gender studies, hegemony refers to the expectations of male or female behaviour. It concerns the protypical man and woman. Hegemonic expectations often lead to stereotypes.
76
Define scaffolding
Assisting and supporting without giving the answer. This is a common pedagogy technique.

English Language Year 1 (8 decks)

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