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English Language Year 1 > Pragmatics > Flashcards

Pragmatics Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Define pragmatics

A

Inferred meanings create by social context. Deals with relationships and audience.

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2
Q

Define paralanguage

A

Paralinguistic features. Non-verbal aspects of communication where we express emotion.

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3
Q

Give examples of paralanguage

A

Hand gestures, eye contact, touch, emojis.

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4
Q

Define hyperbole

A

Exaggerated language.

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5
Q

Define idiom

A

Metaphorical sayings.

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6
Q

Define litotes

A

Understatements.

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7
Q

Define shared knowledge

A

Using language a social group understands. Can be jargon but also made up informal words.

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8
Q

Define divergence

A

When people’s speech styles move further apart. Usually a contextual reason.

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9
Q

Define convergence

A

A more common form of Giles’ Accommodation Theory. Occurs when people’s speech styles move closer.

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10
Q

Define a downward convergence

A

Someone with higher status converging to someone with lower status.

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11
Q

Define an upward convergence

A

Someone with lower status converging towards someone with higher status.

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12
Q

Define a mutual convergence

A

Both parties move speech patterns towards each other.

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13
Q

Define metaphors

A

Describes an action or object which isn’t literally true but helps explain and paint a picture or comparison.

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14
Q

Give examples of metaphors

A

Couch potato, night owl.

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15
Q

Define hypocorisms

A

A nickname that shows informality and closeness.

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16
Q

Give examples of hypocorisms

A

‘Toasted sandwich’ becomes ‘toastie. ‘Janet’ becomes ‘Jan’.

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17
Q

Define subtext

A

An underlying and obvious theme

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18
Q

Define honorific address

A

A form of address conveying esteem, courtesy or respect. E.g. Mrs, Mr, Dr

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19
Q

Define context bound information

A

Words that can have multiple meanings and can vary depending on context.

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20
Q

Give an example of context bound information

A

‘That over there must be where it is.’

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21
Q

Define transactional

A

Formalised context with a specific agenda.

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22
Q

Give an example of a transactional piece of spoken language

A

A business meeting.

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23
Q

Define referential

A

Information giving.

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24
Q

Give an example of a referential piece of spoken language

A

A teacher speaking to their class

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25
Q

Define interactional

A

Talking for social purposes.

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26
Q

Give an example of interactional spoken language

A

Friends talking in the pavilion at lunch.

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27
Q

Define phatic

A

Small talk.

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28
Q

Define expressive

A

Showing emotions.

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29
Q

Give examples of expressive spoken language

A

Wedding vows or an argument.

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30
Q

Define taking the floor.

A

When someone establishes the topic of discussion and starts talking or decides upon the topic agenda.

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31
Q

Define child-directed speech.

A

Children learn via caregivers using simplified language and language full of prosody.

32
Q

Define implicature

A

Where an implied meaning arises through flouting a maxim. Sarcasm often has implicatures.

33
Q

Define deixis/indexical language/deictic language

A

Refers to words/phrases which are context dependent. Known as ‘pointing language’ as it refers to the world outside of the text. The use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place and person in context.

34
Q

Define primary deixis

A

AKA exophoric deixis. Where texts refer to subjects that do not appear in the text. They must therefore be deduced by context and/or through shared knowledge.

35
Q

List the three types of primary deixis

A

Person, spatial, temporal

36
Q

Define person deixis

A

Based on socio-axes. Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it and most proper nouns.

37
Q

Define spatial deixis

A

Based on spatio-axes. Words describing the speaker in space or in relation to other objects

38
Q

Give examples of spatial deixis

A

Here, there, come, go, this, those, that

39
Q

Define temporal deixis

A

Based on time-axes. Describes speaker in terms of time.

40
Q

Give examples of temporal deixis

A

Now, then, yesterday

41
Q

Define proximal deixis

A

This is where the situation is near to the speaker, e.g. this, here, now.

42
Q

Define distal deixis

A

Used to express distance, e.g. that, there, then

43
Q

Define secondary deixis

A

AKA endophoric deixis. Endophoric deictic terms are actually revealed in the text. Involves text internal reference.

44
Q

Define anaphoric deixis

A

Refers to something the text has previously identified.

45
Q

Define cataphoric deixis

A

Refers to something within a text which has not yet been introduced/identified, such as identifying the 3rd person pronoun.

46
Q

Expressives

A

Providing praise to others. Also known as positive reinforcement.

47
Q
A
48
Q

Give an example of situational irony

A

A fire station gets burned down

49
Q

Define verbal irony

A

When words express something contrary to the truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. It is often sarcastic.

50
Q

Give an example of verbal irony

A

A mother looks at her son’s messy room and says ‘wow, you could win an award for cleanliness!’

51
Q

Define dramatic irony

A

When the audience know more than the characters/people involved.

52
Q

Give an example of dramatic irony

A

1) Pantomimes - ‘he’s behind you’
2) An Inspector Calls - Mr Birling predicts a future of peace and prosperity but the audience know there would be two forthcoming world wars.

53
Q

Define hypophora

A

A rhetorical question that is answered

54
Q

Define ideographs

A

When abstract nouns have emotional impact, they are known as ideographs

55
Q

Give examples of ideographs

A

Virtue, peace, happiness, generosity

56
Q

Define ethos

A

This is about the speaker/writer’s credibility and trust. We are more likely to be persuaded/convinced if we trust the individual presenting the argument.

57
Q

Define pathos

A

This is about how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience

58
Q

Define logos

A

This is about how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. It is about the speaker’s proof/evidence to form an argument.

59
Q

Define kairos

A

This refers to the ‘timeliness’ of an argument, i.e. how current the issue is.

60
Q

Define synchronous

A

Another term for ‘real time’ - it is the conversation happening NOW. Live and on the spot discourse. The transcripts we analyse are spoken in synchronous time.

61
Q

Define asynchronous

A

The opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time. For instance, many television programmes are in asynchronous time and not live.

62
Q

Define ephemeral

A

This is something that is short-lived e.g text messages we may not read again, snapchat, a to-do list for one day etc.

63
Q

Define permanent

A

The opposite of ephemeral, it is a text which could be used over again and has a level of permanency, e.g. a contract, a novel etc.

64
Q

Define political correctness

A

Where we use language to avoid excluding, marginalising or insulting people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against. Euphemisms can often become a dysphemism and thus political correctness is always evolving over time.

65
Q

Define translation

A

Translating from one language to another

66
Q

Define plagiarism

A

When a writer will use or closely copy work of others without citing or quoting them, thus claiming it as their own work.

67
Q

Define allusion

A

A reference to something well-known, such as a person or place

68
Q

Define parody

A

Mocks another text. Its purpose is for comedy value and thus creates humour.

69
Q

Define pastiche

A

Work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists. It differs from parody as it doesn’t have the comedic effect.

70
Q

Define default assumption

A

Where we assume something, unless told otherwise

71
Q

Define presupposition

A

The linguistic term for ‘belief’ or ‘assumption’

72
Q

Define stereotypes

A

Assigning characteristics to others based on certain features - often with negatives connotations

73
Q

Define gender

A

How you identify

74
Q

Define sex

A

Biological differences - what you are born as

75
Q

Define hegemony

A

Society’s expectations. In gender studies, hegemony refers to the expectations of male or female behaviour. It concerns the protypical man and woman. Hegemonic expectations often lead to stereotypes.

76
Q

Define scaffolding

A

Assisting and supporting without giving the answer. This is a common pedagogy technique.

English Language Year 1 (8 decks)

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