Discourse structure

Question 1

Define discourse structure

Answer 1

The journey a text takes from start to finish. Deals with the cohesion and organisation of a text.

Question 2

Define non-fluency features

Answer 2

Fillers, repetition, false-starts and verbal elements tied to spoken language.

Question 3

Define interjections

Answer 3

Words like ‘uh-oh’, ‘oops’ and ‘aargh’. Verbal elements.

Question 4

Define phatic tokens

Answer 4

A communication which primarily serves to establish and maintain social relationships. AKA ‘small talk’.

Question 5

Define self-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 5

Refers to the individual who is speaking.

Question 6

Give an example of self-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 6

‘Hard work, this’; ‘I’m warm today’.

Question 7

Define other-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 7

Refers to the recipient of the phatic token.

Question 8

Give an example of other-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 8

‘That looks like hard work’; ‘you’re looking well’

Question 9

Define neutral-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 9

General small talk

Question 10

Give an example of neutral-oriented phatic tokens

Answer 10

‘Nice weather’; ‘great view’

Question 11

What are salutations?

Answer 11

Greetings

Question 12

What are valedictions?

Answer 12

Goodbyes

Question 13

Define pre-closing sequences

Answer 13

A sequence that normally establishes that the conversation should come to an end.

Question 14

Give examples of pre-closing sequences

Answer 14

‘So I’ll ring you tomorrow then’

Question 15

Define discourse markers

Answer 15

Words that show cohesion and structure

Question 16

Give examples of discourse markers

Answer 16

First, next, after

Question 17

Define parenthesis

Answer 17

Linguistic term for brackets

Question 18

Define backchannelling

Answer 18

Responding to another person to show that you are listening

Question 19

Give examples of backchannelling

Answer 19

‘mm’ and ‘yeah’

Question 20

Define an overlap

Answer 20

Talking over someone but not to interrupt, rather to support

Question 21

Define an interruption

Answer 21

Where a person may try and take the floor

Question 22

Define anecdotal information

Answer 22

Where the speaker/text producer tells a story in order to be persuasive.

Question 23

Define dialogic

Answer 23

Whenever we have lots of adjacency pairs and turn-taking occurring, we can call it dialogic. It involves more than one speaker/participant.

Question 24

Define monologic

Answer 24

The opposite of dialogic; this is one writer or speaker.

Question 25

Define enumeration

Answer 25

Listing via bullet points

Question 26

Define intertextuality

Answer 26

Intertextuality is the way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts. It is essentially where one text influences another.

Question 27

Define enjambment

Answer 27

Run on lines in poetry

Question 28

What are the 6 types of intertextuality?

Answer 28

Translation, plagiarism, quotation, allusion, parody and pastiche.

Question 29

What are the two types of speaker-oriented tag questions?

Answer 29

Epistemic modal tags and challenging tags

Question 30

What are epistemic modal tags?

Answer 30

Checking tags - clarification/confirmation of content. For example, ‘the capital of France is Paris, isn’t it?’

Question 31

What are challenging tags?

Answer 31

Confrontational or authoritative tags. For example, ‘I told you to tidy your room, didn’t I?’

Question 32

What are the two types of addressee oriented (affective) tag questions?

Answer 32

Facilitative tags and softener tags

Question 33

What are facilitative tags?

Answer 33

Inviting others into the conversation to enable interactional shift work. For example, ‘that was a great film, wasn’t it?’

Question 34

What are softener tags?

Answer 34

Mitigation tags - softening the force of requests. For example, ‘pass the salt, could you please?’