Pragmatics

Question 1

pragmatics

Answer 1

the study of how language is affected by context

Question 2

context

Answer 2

the relationship between speakers in a conversation or the immediately preceding utterances in a text

Question 3

conversational maxims

Answer 3

guiding principles for how participants should cooperate with one another in conversation; define how we interpret what we hear

Question 4

maxim of quantity

Answer 4

each participant’s contribution should be informative

Question 5

maxim of quality

Answer 5

each participant’s contribution should be truthful and based on sufficient evidence

Question 6

maxim of relation

Answer 6

each participant’s contribution should be relevant to the subject of conversation

Question 7

maxim of manner

Answer 7

each participant’s contribution should be expressed in a relatively clear fashion

Question 8

speech act

Answer 8

a speech event, which consists of both a locutionary act and an illocutionary act

Question 9

locutionary act

Answer 9

the act of simply uttering a sentence or statement

Question 10

expressed locutionary

Answer 10

contains all elements of the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved

Question 11

implied locutionary

Answer 11

does not express the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved

Question 12

literal vs. nonliteral locutionary

Answer 12

literal: the utterance means what it says
nonliteral: the utterance does not mean what it says, often impossible or absurd within its context

Question 13

illocutionary act

Answer 13

what the speaker does in uttering a sentence (stating, requesting, etc.); sometimes referred to as illocutionary force

Question 14

illocutionary force

Answer 14

the speaker’s intention in making an utterance, or the kind of illocutionary act being performed

Question 15

felicity conditions

Answer 15

define whether or not an illocutionary act is valid
must be appropriate, executed completely by all participants, and participants must have the appropriate intentions

Question 16

performative verb

Answer 16

a verb that names its own illocutionary force

Question 17

a performative verb used in the performative sense…

Answer 17

must be positive, present tense, have a first person agent, and refer to a specific event

Question 18

explicit performative

Answer 18

an utterance that contains a performative verb in the performative sense (I deny)

Question 19

nonexplicit performative

Answer 19

an utterance that does not contain a performative verb used in the performative sense

Question 20

types of illocutionary acts

Answer 20

representative, directive, question, commissive, expressive, declaration

Question 21

representative

Answer 21

used to describe some state of affairs

Question 22

directive

Answer 22

used to try to get the hearer to do something

Question 23

question

Answer 23

used to get the hearer to provide information

Question 24

commissive

Answer 24

used to commit the speaker to do something

Question 25

expressive

Answer 25

used to express the speaker’s emotional state

Question 26

declaration

Answer 26

used to change the status of some entity