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Final Exam Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

a word is lexically ambiguous if it has more than one sense; if it can mean different things in different contexts

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2
Q

Hyponym

A

a specific term that contains the meaning of a more general word (mutt is a hyponym of dog)

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3
Q

Superordinate

A

a general term included in the meaning of many more specific words (hyponyms)

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4
Q

Overlap

A

two words overlap in meaning if they have the same value for some (not all) semantic features

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5
Q

Binary atonyms

A

pairs the have no middle ground between them (dead and alive)

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6
Q

Gradable antonyms

A

pairs the describe opposite ends of a continuous dimension (hot and cold)

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7
Q

Converse antonyms

A

pairs that describe a relationship between two items from opposite perspectives (above and below)

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8
Q

Referent

A

the entity identified in an expression (that bird)

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9
Q

Extension

A

set of all potential referents for a particular referent (set of all birds)

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10
Q

Prototype

A

a typical member of the extension of a referent

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11
Q

Stereotype

A

a list of characteristics describing a prototype

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12
Q

Coreference

A

two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity

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13
Q

Anaphora

A

a linguistic expression that refer to another linguistic expression (pronouns)

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14
Q

Deixis

A

an expression that has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on the speaker and their temporal orientation (left and right, you and I)

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15
Q

Entailment

A

a proposition that necessarily follows from another sentence
Martina aced chemistry entails (requires that) Martina passed chemistry
Martina passed chemistry is the entailment of Martina aced chemistry

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16
Q

Presupposition

A

a proposition that must be assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence
Martina aced chemistry presupposes Martina took chemistry
Martina took chemistry is the presupposition of Martina aced chemistry

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17
Q

PS rules

A

Specify which elements are permitted in a particular type of phrase, the left-to-right ordering of those elements, and whether any of the elements are optional

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18
Q

Recursion

A

allows phrase structure grammar to create an infinite number of structures by embedding two types of phrases in each other

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19
Q

Embedding

A

a clause found within a higher clause

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20
Q

Transformation

A

moves a lexical or phrasal category from one location to another within a sentence

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21
Q

Wh-Movement

A

moves a wh-item into clause-initial position

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22
Q

I-Movement

A

moves the tensed auxiliary verb to the left of the subject NP

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23
Q

Underlying structure

A

the structure of a sentence before any transformations are applied

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24
Q

Surface structure

A

the structure of a sentence after any transformations are applied

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25
Theory of syntax
Category Left-to-right ordering Constituent structure Transformations Constraints on transformations
26
Grammatical morphemes
Don't convey meaning of themselves, express a relationship between lexical morphemes, or changes the grammatical function or category of lexical morphemes
27
Lexical morphemes
Have a sense in and of themselves, or function to modify the meaning of a word
28
Inflectional morphemes
Modify the tense, number, possession, or comparison of a word/root; changes its grammatical function without changing its meaning or category
29
8 types of inflectional morphemes
{PLU}, {POSS}, {COMP}, {SUP}, {PRES}, {PAST}, {PAST PART}, {PRES PART}
30
Derivational morphemes
change the semantic meaning or category of the word
31
Derivation
the addition of a derivational affix, changing the syntactic category of the word
32
Category extension
extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another
33
Compound
creating a new word by combining two free morphemes
34
Root creation
a brand new word based on no preexisting morphemes
35
Clipped form
shortened form of a preexisting morpheme
36
Blend
a combination of parts of two preexisting forms
37
Acronym
a word formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase
38
Abbreviation
a word formed from the names of the first letters of the prominent syllables of a word (initialization)
39
Proper name
forms a word from a proper name
40
Folk etymology
forms a word by substituting a common native form for an exotic form with similar pronunciation
41
Allophones
variations of the same phoneme which are always phonetically similar and in complementary distribution or free variation
42
Aspiration
a voiceless stop (p, t, and k) becomes aspirated when it begins a syllable and occurs before a stressed vowel
43
Overt negative sentences
those containing not or a contraction of it
44
Inherent negatives
those containing a word whose meaning includes negation (absent, empty)
45
Passive sentences
The agent becomes the object of a by-phrase in the predicate The patient is in the subject position
46
Thematic role
the relation of a noun phrase to the action described by a verb
47
Agent
the performer of the action described by a verb
48
Patient
the thing affected by the action of the verb
49
Beneficiary
the entity that benefits from the action
50
Instrument
the thing used to carry out the action
51
Given-New contract
the arrangement of given and new information from sentence to sentence (aka thematic progression)
52
Linear progression
represented as AB:BC
53
Hierarchal progression
represented as AB:AC
54
Universals (language variation)
categories and rules that all human language, past and present, have in common categories of noun and verb, at least one voiceless stop, syllables of CV form, color system with black and white (sometimes red)
55
Dialect
systemic variation of a language specific to a particular group
56
Idiolect
linguistic system of a particular speaker
57
Mutually intelligible
describes varieties of language whose speakers can (for the most part) understand each other dialects of the same language are mutually intelligible, two different languages are not
58
Phonological variation
Linking, consonant epenthesis, vowel epenthesis
59
Linking
when a vowel-vowel sequence between words is linked with an [r]
60
Consonant epenthesis
when a consonant is inserted to break up a series of two vowels
61
Vowel epenthesis
when a vowel is inserted to break up a series of two consonants
62
Registers
different styles of speaking based on formality
63
Generalization
increasing the scope of a word
64
Specialization
decreasing the scope of a word
65
Amelioration
elevating to connotation of a word
66
Pejoration
lowering the connotation of a word
67
Taboo
stigmatizing a word or phrase
68
Metaphor
extending a word to contexts outside its literal sense
69
Association
change in meaning based on a word's association with a secondary object or concept
70
Dilution
gradual loss of semantic content from extensive use as an intensifier
71
Nativism
Mentalism, mind has more innate structure Chomsky Language acquisition is primarily biologically determined Language is acquired
72
Empiricism
Behaviorism, mind has less innate structure Language acquisition is primarily culturally determined Language is learned
73
Negative transfer
when a property of the L1 impedes L2 acquisition
74
Universals (L2 acquisition)
helps L2 learners acquire grammatical knowledge that cannot be inferred solely from the data they are exposed to
75
Implicational universal
a universal whose presence implies some other property
76
Nonimplicational universal
any universal that is not implicational
77
Absolute universal
a universal that is without exception
78
Statistical universal
universals that occur frequently but do have exceptions
79
Parametric universals
a two-valued property where languages either have one value or the other
80
Phonemic distinction
Some languages have one phoneme with allophones where some have separate phonemes Example: Japanese has one phoneme /r/ with allophones [l] and [r]. English has separate phonemes /l/ and /r/. A native speaker of Japanese would have more difficulty learning English as an L2 because they would need to make a phonemic distinction nor found in their native language
81
Phonotactic constraints
restrictions on the permissible sequences of segments in a language
82
Deceptive transparency
when a word's morphemes lead a nonnative speaker to misinterpret the word
83
Field independence
a style of learning where the individual is able to isolate specific data and analyze them
84
Field dependence
a style of learning where the individual attempts to analyze all data at once
85
Integrative motivation
desire to become part of community or culture
86
Instrumental motivation
desire to learn language for practical purposes, such as getting a job
87
Great Vowel Shift
occurred during the transition from Middle English (c. 1440) to Early Modern English (c. 1600) affected long vowels, shifted upward

Linguistics (13 decks)

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