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Linguistics > Final Exam Terms > Flashcards

Final Exam Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

a word is lexically ambiguous if it has more than one sense; if it can mean different things in different contexts

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2
Q

Hyponym

A

a specific term that contains the meaning of a more general word (mutt is a hyponym of dog)

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3
Q

Superordinate

A

a general term included in the meaning of many more specific words (hyponyms)

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4
Q

Overlap

A

two words overlap in meaning if they have the same value for some (not all) semantic features

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5
Q

Binary atonyms

A

pairs the have no middle ground between them (dead and alive)

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6
Q

Gradable antonyms

A

pairs the describe opposite ends of a continuous dimension (hot and cold)

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7
Q

Converse antonyms

A

pairs that describe a relationship between two items from opposite perspectives (above and below)

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8
Q

Referent

A

the entity identified in an expression (that bird)

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9
Q

Extension

A

set of all potential referents for a particular referent (set of all birds)

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10
Q

Prototype

A

a typical member of the extension of a referent

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11
Q

Stereotype

A

a list of characteristics describing a prototype

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12
Q

Coreference

A

two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity

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13
Q

Anaphora

A

a linguistic expression that refer to another linguistic expression (pronouns)

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14
Q

Deixis

A

an expression that has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on the speaker and their temporal orientation (left and right, you and I)

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15
Q

Entailment

A

a proposition that necessarily follows from another sentence
Martina aced chemistry entails (requires that) Martina passed chemistry
Martina passed chemistry is the entailment of Martina aced chemistry

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16
Q

Presupposition

A

a proposition that must be assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence
Martina aced chemistry presupposes Martina took chemistry
Martina took chemistry is the presupposition of Martina aced chemistry

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17
Q

PS rules

A

Specify which elements are permitted in a particular type of phrase, the left-to-right ordering of those elements, and whether any of the elements are optional

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18
Q

Recursion

A

allows phrase structure grammar to create an infinite number of structures by embedding two types of phrases in each other

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19
Q

Embedding

A

a clause found within a higher clause

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20
Q

Transformation

A

moves a lexical or phrasal category from one location to another within a sentence

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21
Q

Wh-Movement

A

moves a wh-item into clause-initial position

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22
Q

I-Movement

A

moves the tensed auxiliary verb to the left of the subject NP

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23
Q

Underlying structure

A

the structure of a sentence before any transformations are applied

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24
Q

Surface structure

A

the structure of a sentence after any transformations are applied

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25
Q

Theory of syntax

A

Category
Left-to-right ordering
Constituent structure
Transformations
Constraints on transformations

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26
Q

Grammatical morphemes

A

Don’t convey meaning of themselves, express a relationship between lexical morphemes, or changes the grammatical function or category of lexical morphemes

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27
Q

Lexical morphemes

A

Have a sense in and of themselves, or function to modify the meaning of a word

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28
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A

Modify the tense, number, possession, or comparison of a word/root; changes its grammatical function without changing its meaning or category

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29
Q

8 types of inflectional morphemes

A

{PLU}, {POSS}, {COMP}, {SUP}, {PRES}, {PAST}, {PAST PART}, {PRES PART}

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30
Q

Derivational morphemes

A

change the semantic meaning or category of the word

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31
Q

Derivation

A

the addition of a derivational affix, changing the syntactic category of the word

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32
Q

Category extension

A

extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another

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33
Q

Compound

A

creating a new word by combining two free morphemes

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34
Q

Root creation

A

a brand new word based on no preexisting morphemes

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35
Q

Clipped form

A

shortened form of a preexisting morpheme

36
Q

Blend

A

a combination of parts of two preexisting forms

37
Q

Acronym

A

a word formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase

38
Q

Abbreviation

A

a word formed from the names of the first letters of the prominent syllables of a word (initialization)

39
Q

Proper name

A

forms a word from a proper name

40
Q

Folk etymology

A

forms a word by substituting a common native form for an exotic form with similar pronunciation

41
Q

Allophones

A

variations of the same phoneme which are always phonetically similar and in complementary distribution or free variation

42
Q

Aspiration

A

a voiceless stop (p, t, and k) becomes aspirated when it begins a syllable and occurs before a stressed vowel

43
Q

Overt negative sentences

A

those containing not or a contraction of it

44
Q

Inherent negatives

A

those containing a word whose meaning includes negation (absent, empty)

45
Q

Passive sentences

A

The agent becomes the object of a by-phrase in the predicate
The patient is in the subject position

46
Q

Thematic role

A

the relation of a noun phrase to the action described by a verb

47
Q

Agent

A

the performer of the action described by a verb

48
Q

Patient

A

the thing affected by the action of the verb

49
Q

Beneficiary

A

the entity that benefits from the action

50
Q

Instrument

A

the thing used to carry out the action

51
Q

Given-New contract

A

the arrangement of given and new information from sentence to sentence (aka thematic progression)

52
Q

Linear progression

A

represented as AB:BC

53
Q

Hierarchal progression

A

represented as AB:AC

54
Q

Universals (language variation)

A

categories and rules that all human language, past and present, have in common
categories of noun and verb, at least one voiceless stop, syllables of CV form, color system with black and white (sometimes red)

55
Q

Dialect

A

systemic variation of a language specific to a particular group

56
Q

Idiolect

A

linguistic system of a particular speaker

57
Q

Mutually intelligible

A

describes varieties of language whose speakers can (for the most part) understand each other
dialects of the same language are mutually intelligible, two different languages are not

58
Q

Phonological variation

A

Linking, consonant epenthesis, vowel epenthesis

59
Q

Linking

A

when a vowel-vowel sequence between words is linked with an [r]

60
Q

Consonant epenthesis

A

when a consonant is inserted to break up a series of two vowels

61
Q

Vowel epenthesis

A

when a vowel is inserted to break up a series of two consonants

62
Q

Registers

A

different styles of speaking based on formality

63
Q

Generalization

A

increasing the scope of a word

64
Q

Specialization

A

decreasing the scope of a word

65
Q

Amelioration

A

elevating to connotation of a word

66
Q

Pejoration

A

lowering the connotation of a word

67
Q

Taboo

A

stigmatizing a word or phrase

68
Q

Metaphor

A

extending a word to contexts outside its literal sense

69
Q

Association

A

change in meaning based on a word’s association with a secondary object or concept

70
Q

Dilution

A

gradual loss of semantic content from extensive use as an intensifier

71
Q

Nativism

A

Mentalism, mind has more innate structure
Chomsky
Language acquisition is primarily biologically determined
Language is acquired

72
Q

Empiricism

A

Behaviorism, mind has less innate structure
Language acquisition is primarily culturally determined
Language is learned

73
Q

Negative transfer

A

when a property of the L1 impedes L2 acquisition

74
Q

Universals (L2 acquisition)

A

helps L2 learners acquire grammatical knowledge that cannot be inferred solely from the data they are exposed to

75
Q

Implicational universal

A

a universal whose presence implies some other property

76
Q

Nonimplicational universal

A

any universal that is not implicational

77
Q

Absolute universal

A

a universal that is without exception

78
Q

Statistical universal

A

universals that occur frequently but do have exceptions

79
Q

Parametric universals

A

a two-valued property where languages either have one value or the other

80
Q

Phonemic distinction

A

Some languages have one phoneme with allophones where some have separate phonemes
Example: Japanese has one phoneme /r/ with allophones [l] and [r]. English has separate phonemes /l/ and /r/.
A native speaker of Japanese would have more difficulty learning English as an L2 because they would need to make a phonemic distinction nor found in their native language

81
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

restrictions on the permissible sequences of segments in a language

82
Q

Deceptive transparency

A

when a word’s morphemes lead a nonnative speaker to misinterpret the word

83
Q

Field independence

A

a style of learning where the individual is able to isolate specific data and analyze them

84
Q

Field dependence

A

a style of learning where the individual attempts to analyze all data at once

85
Q

Integrative motivation

A

desire to become part of community or culture

86
Q

Instrumental motivation

A

desire to learn language for practical purposes, such as getting a job

87
Q

Great Vowel Shift

A

occurred during the transition from Middle English (c. 1440) to Early Modern English (c. 1600)
affected long vowels, shifted upward

Linguistics (13 decks)

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