practice questions Flashcards
what is not normally secreted by the pancreas
secretin
beta cells that make up part of the islets of langerhans synthesize and secrete what hormone
insulin
in type 2 diabetes, compare plasma insulin levels to C peptide levels
insulin= C peptide
the hormone of abundance, ensuring that excess nutrients are stored describes what hormone
insulin
the hormone of starvation, which promotes mobilization and utilization of carbohydrates, FAs, and AAs for metabolic fuels
glucagon
normal beta cell function, but blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine, describes what disorder
type 2 diabetes
t/f: insulin inhibits glucagon secretion and glucagon inhibits insulin secretion
false
t/f: pancreatic somatostatin inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon
true
t/f: insulin causes GLUT4 to be inserted into the membranes of neurons in the CNS
false- BRICKLE. inserts into membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
the major action of glucagon is on what organ/tissue
liver
t/f: the GI tract is the largest and most complex endocrine organ in the body
true
what is the hormone that stimulates parietal cells to secrete H+ ions
gastrin
what is the hormones that promotes secretion of bicarbonate (major effect)
secretin
what is the hormone that contracts the gallbladder
CCK
what is the hormone with the major effect of stimulation of insulin
GIP
what hormones is responsible for the migrating motility complex
motilin
what paracrine is secreted by D cells in the mucosa of the GI tract and inhibits gastrin secretion
somatostatin
the ideal brake system serves what function
increases nutrient absorption
what GI tract hormone increases gastric acid secretion and can cross the BBB stimulating appetite at the level of the hypothalamus
ghrelin
what effect does Ach have on the GI tract
contraction of smooth muscle- peristalsis
an individual has elevated PTH, but both plasma calcium and plasma phosphate are low. this is characteristic of what condition
secondary hyperparathyroidism
an individual has elevated PTH, vitamin D, along with elevated plasma calcium and elevated urinary calcium, but decreased plasma phosphate is characteristic of what condition
primary hyperparathyroidism
what percentage of blood calcium is ionized
50%
the only form of calcium that is biologically active is what
that which is ionized
t/f: vitamin D receptors are found on virtually all cells in the body
false
25 OH-cholecalciferol is produced primarily in what tissue/organ
kidney
what is the biologically active form of vitamin D
1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
what lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
what is the effect of SNS stimulation to the pancreas
inhibition of insulin release
vagal stimulation to the pancreas will cause what
stimulation of insulin release
t/f: glucose can be made from lactate
true- also glycerol and alanine
what is not considered a primary fuel hormone
aldosterone- affects the body’s ability to regulate BP
t/f: both 1,25-dihydrozycholecalciferol and PTH will increase calcium and phosphate reabsorption at the kidney
false- PTH will increase calcium and decrease phosphate reabsorption
t/f: an increase in FA to skeletal muscle can inhibit glucose utilization
true
what hormones can offset insulin induced hypoglycemia
EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol- GH can as well
in a cell, how is the depletion of energy monitored
accumulation of 5’-AMP relative to ATP
acidemia has what effect on levels of ionized calcium
increased
what are the hormones that are secreted by the pancreas
insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, PP, ghrelin
what hormone relaxes smooth muscle
NE
what hormone inhibits gastrin secretion
somatostatin
what hormone contracts sphincters
NE
characteristics of pseudohyperparathyroidism
increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma phosphate
decreased vitamin D/plasma calcium
characteristics of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma calcium
decrease plasma calcium
PTH increases ___ but lowers ___
calcium; vitamin D
what is the function of PTH
regulates the calcium in ECF by having the body put calcium from the tissue into the blood
what is the function of glucagon
acts in counter with other fuel-mobilizing hormones to counterbalance the fuel-storing effects of insulin. opposite of insulin
what is the function of somatostatin
modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food
what is the function of PP
self-regulate the pancreas secretory activities. it also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions
is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent
yes
is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent
no- insulin resistant
symptoms of primary parahyperthryroidism
stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones
function of the liver
maintains blood glucose in the fasting state. produces and secretes glucose and ketone bodies
what hormone is secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells and raises blood glucose
glucagon
what cells that make up part of the islets synthesize and secrete insulin
beta
what is the functional significance of C peptide levels
reflects endogenous insulin production
what hormones will raise blood glucose and act synergistically
glucose, EP, cortisol, GH
stimulation of what division of the ANS will stimulate glucagon release and inhibit release from the pancreas
sympathetic
low C peptide levels, blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine describes what disorder
type 1 diabetes
vagal stimulation has what effect on the pancreas
stimulate release of insul
which tissue is insulin dependent (GLUT4) for glucose uptake
adipose (not BRICKLE)
which GI tract hormone will cause an increased release after eating
GIP, GLP
which of the following is a major source of glucose via GNG
glycerol
an increase in FA will most likely limit utilization of what as an energy substrate
glucose
t/f: a deficiency of glucagon is likely to cause overt disease associated with hypoglycemia
false
t/f: cortisol, GH, catecholamines, and T3 all increase lipolysis in adipose tissue
true
t/f: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis and GNG by the liver
true
t/f: most of the cells of the GI tract secrete hormones
false- only 1%
the ENS contains about the same number of neurons as in what
the spinal cord
insulin ensures that excess nutrients are stored in what
glycogen in the liver, fat in the adipose, proteins in the muscle
what is not a likely source of glucose via GNG
FAs
the effect of AMPk is associated with what
increase energy production
t/f: the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve but mainly 3/4 sensory and interacts extensively with the enteroendocrine system
true
which gut hormone has a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa and promotes mucosal repair
GLP2
in humans, what is the major effect of GIP
stimulates insulin release
what gut hormone stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete H+ ions and stimulate growth of gastric mucosa
gastrin
which is not an effect of CCK
stimulates release of insulin
what gut hormone’s major effect is to neutralize H+ in the lumen of the SI by promotion of the secretion of bicarbonate ion
secretin
what hormone is essential for survival during starvation and without it, death due to hypoglycemia is likely?
cortisol
what organ is the most responsive to insulin, but does not depend on insulin for uptake of glucose where it is stored as glycogen
liver
what neurocrine relaxes smooth muscle in the gut wall and contracts the sphincters
NE
what paracrine produced in the stomach works synergistically with both gastrin and Act to stimulate H+ secretion
histamine
what hormone secreted by L cells is associated with the ileal brake mechanism to maximize nutrient absorption
GLP1
what is a major function of PTH
increase blood calcium and decrease blood phosphate levels
t/f: some malignant tumors of the breast can cause a type of hyperparathyroidism due to a secreted peptide by the tumor similar in structure and functions of PTH
true
a 25 year old male: normal calcium level
9.5 mg/mL
