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Endocrinology Exam 2 > practice questions > Flashcards

practice questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is not normally secreted by the pancreas

A

secretin

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2
Q

beta cells that make up part of the islets of langerhans synthesize and secrete what hormone

A

insulin

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3
Q

in type 2 diabetes, compare plasma insulin levels to C peptide levels

A

insulin= C peptide

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4
Q

the hormone of abundance, ensuring that excess nutrients are stored describes what hormone

A

insulin

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5
Q

the hormone of starvation, which promotes mobilization and utilization of carbohydrates, FAs, and AAs for metabolic fuels

A

glucagon

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6
Q

normal beta cell function, but blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine, describes what disorder

A

type 2 diabetes

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7
Q

t/f: insulin inhibits glucagon secretion and glucagon inhibits insulin secretion

A

false

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8
Q

t/f: pancreatic somatostatin inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon

A

true

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9
Q

t/f: insulin causes GLUT4 to be inserted into the membranes of neurons in the CNS

A

false- BRICKLE. inserts into membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

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10
Q

the major action of glucagon is on what organ/tissue

A

liver

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11
Q

t/f: the GI tract is the largest and most complex endocrine organ in the body

A

true

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12
Q

what is the hormone that stimulates parietal cells to secrete H+ ions

A

gastrin

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13
Q

what is the hormones that promotes secretion of bicarbonate (major effect)

A

secretin

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14
Q

what is the hormone that contracts the gallbladder

A

CCK

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15
Q

what is the hormone with the major effect of stimulation of insulin

A

GIP

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16
Q

what hormones is responsible for the migrating motility complex

A

motilin

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17
Q

what paracrine is secreted by D cells in the mucosa of the GI tract and inhibits gastrin secretion

A

somatostatin

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18
Q

the ideal brake system serves what function

A

increases nutrient absorption

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19
Q

what GI tract hormone increases gastric acid secretion and can cross the BBB stimulating appetite at the level of the hypothalamus

A

ghrelin

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20
Q

what effect does Ach have on the GI tract

A

contraction of smooth muscle- peristalsis

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21
Q

an individual has elevated PTH, but both plasma calcium and plasma phosphate are low. this is characteristic of what condition

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

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22
Q

an individual has elevated PTH, vitamin D, along with elevated plasma calcium and elevated urinary calcium, but decreased plasma phosphate is characteristic of what condition

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

what percentage of blood calcium is ionized

A

50%

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24
Q

the only form of calcium that is biologically active is what

A

that which is ionized

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25
Q

t/f: vitamin D receptors are found on virtually all cells in the body

A

false

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26
Q

25 OH-cholecalciferol is produced primarily in what tissue/organ

A

kidney

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27
Q

what is the biologically active form of vitamin D

A

1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol

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28
Q

what lowers blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin

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29
Q

what is the effect of SNS stimulation to the pancreas

A

inhibition of insulin release

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30
Q

vagal stimulation to the pancreas will cause what

A

stimulation of insulin release

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31
Q

t/f: glucose can be made from lactate

A

true- also glycerol and alanine

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32
Q

what is not considered a primary fuel hormone

A

aldosterone- affects the body’s ability to regulate BP

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33
Q

t/f: both 1,25-dihydrozycholecalciferol and PTH will increase calcium and phosphate reabsorption at the kidney

A

false- PTH will increase calcium and decrease phosphate reabsorption

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34
Q

t/f: an increase in FA to skeletal muscle can inhibit glucose utilization

A

true

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35
Q

what hormones can offset insulin induced hypoglycemia

A

EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol- GH can as well

36
Q

in a cell, how is the depletion of energy monitored

A

accumulation of 5’-AMP relative to ATP

37
Q

acidemia has what effect on levels of ionized calcium

A

increased

38
Q

what are the hormones that are secreted by the pancreas

A

insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, PP, ghrelin

39
Q

what hormone relaxes smooth muscle

A

NE

40
Q

what hormone inhibits gastrin secretion

A

somatostatin

41
Q

what hormone contracts sphincters

A

NE

42
Q

characteristics of pseudohyperparathyroidism

A

increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma phosphate

decreased vitamin D/plasma calcium

43
Q

characteristics of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

A

increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma calcium

decrease plasma calcium

44
Q

PTH increases ___ but lowers ___

A

calcium; vitamin D

45
Q

what is the function of PTH

A

regulates the calcium in ECF by having the body put calcium from the tissue into the blood

46
Q

what is the function of glucagon

A

acts in counter with other fuel-mobilizing hormones to counterbalance the fuel-storing effects of insulin. opposite of insulin

47
Q

what is the function of somatostatin

A

modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food

48
Q

what is the function of PP

A

self-regulate the pancreas secretory activities. it also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions

49
Q

is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent

A

yes

50
Q

is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent

A

no- insulin resistant

51
Q

symptoms of primary parahyperthryroidism

A

stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones

52
Q

function of the liver

A

maintains blood glucose in the fasting state. produces and secretes glucose and ketone bodies

53
Q

what hormone is secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells and raises blood glucose

A

glucagon

54
Q

what cells that make up part of the islets synthesize and secrete insulin

A

beta

55
Q

what is the functional significance of C peptide levels

A

reflects endogenous insulin production

56
Q

what hormones will raise blood glucose and act synergistically

A

glucose, EP, cortisol, GH

57
Q

stimulation of what division of the ANS will stimulate glucagon release and inhibit release from the pancreas

A

sympathetic

58
Q

low C peptide levels, blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine describes what disorder

A

type 1 diabetes

59
Q

vagal stimulation has what effect on the pancreas

A

stimulate release of insul

60
Q

which tissue is insulin dependent (GLUT4) for glucose uptake

A

adipose (not BRICKLE)

61
Q

which GI tract hormone will cause an increased release after eating

A

GIP, GLP

62
Q

which of the following is a major source of glucose via GNG

A

glycerol

63
Q

an increase in FA will most likely limit utilization of what as an energy substrate

A

glucose

64
Q

t/f: a deficiency of glucagon is likely to cause overt disease associated with hypoglycemia

A

false

65
Q

t/f: cortisol, GH, catecholamines, and T3 all increase lipolysis in adipose tissue

A

true

66
Q

t/f: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis and GNG by the liver

A

true

67
Q

t/f: most of the cells of the GI tract secrete hormones

A

false- only 1%

68
Q

the ENS contains about the same number of neurons as in what

A

the spinal cord

69
Q

insulin ensures that excess nutrients are stored in what

A

glycogen in the liver, fat in the adipose, proteins in the muscle

70
Q

what is not a likely source of glucose via GNG

A

FAs

71
Q

the effect of AMPk is associated with what

A

increase energy production

72
Q

t/f: the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve but mainly 3/4 sensory and interacts extensively with the enteroendocrine system

A

true

73
Q

which gut hormone has a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa and promotes mucosal repair

A

GLP2

74
Q

in humans, what is the major effect of GIP

A

stimulates insulin release

75
Q

what gut hormone stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete H+ ions and stimulate growth of gastric mucosa

A

gastrin

76
Q

which is not an effect of CCK

A

stimulates release of insulin

77
Q

what gut hormone’s major effect is to neutralize H+ in the lumen of the SI by promotion of the secretion of bicarbonate ion

A

secretin

78
Q

what hormone is essential for survival during starvation and without it, death due to hypoglycemia is likely?

A

cortisol

79
Q

what organ is the most responsive to insulin, but does not depend on insulin for uptake of glucose where it is stored as glycogen

A

liver

80
Q

what neurocrine relaxes smooth muscle in the gut wall and contracts the sphincters

A

NE

81
Q

what paracrine produced in the stomach works synergistically with both gastrin and Act to stimulate H+ secretion

A

histamine

82
Q

what hormone secreted by L cells is associated with the ileal brake mechanism to maximize nutrient absorption

A

GLP1

83
Q

what is a major function of PTH

A

increase blood calcium and decrease blood phosphate levels

84
Q

t/f: some malignant tumors of the breast can cause a type of hyperparathyroidism due to a secreted peptide by the tumor similar in structure and functions of PTH

A

true

85
Q

a 25 year old male: normal calcium level

A

9.5 mg/mL

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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