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Endocrinology Exam 2 > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

How many peptide hormones does it secrete?

A

5

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2
Q

What are the peptide hormones?

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
  3. somatostatin
  4. pancreatic peptide
  5. ghrelin
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3
Q

What is produced by beta cells?

A

Insulin

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4
Q

What is produced by alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

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5
Q

What is the function of insulin and glucagon?

A

Regulate glucose, FA and AA metabolism

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6
Q

What is produced by gamma cells?

A

Somatostatin

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7
Q

What is produced by F cells?

A

Ghrelin

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8
Q

What are islets of langerhans?

A

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas

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9
Q

What is the mass of islets?

A

1-2%

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10
Q

4 cell types of islets

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. gamma
  4. PP
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11
Q

Where are alpha islets cells found?

A

Outer rim

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12
Q

where are beta islet cells found?

A

central core

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13
Q

where are gamma islet cells found?

A

interspersed

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14
Q

what is the most abundant islet cell?

A

Beta

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15
Q

blood supply of communication islets

A

venous blood of 1 cell type bathes the other cell types

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16
Q

neural innervation of islet cells

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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17
Q

examples of sympathetics in islet cells

A

adrenergic and peptidergic

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18
Q

examples of parasympathetic in islet cells

A

cholinergic and peptidergic

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19
Q

vagal stimulation via Ach and VIP stimulates the release of ___

A

insulin

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20
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic cells bodies originate

A

intermediolateral horn cells in the spinal cord

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21
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic cells synapse at with postganglionic fibers

A

paravertebral ganglia and celiac ganglia

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22
Q

what does the activation of pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers cause stimulation of?

A

glucagon

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23
Q

what does the activation of pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers cause inhibition of?

A

insulin release

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24
Q

a rich complement of ___ joins the splanchnic nerve and enters the spinal cord

A

sensory fibers

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25
Q

insulin is synthesized and secreted by

A

beta cells

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26
Q

what is the hormone to be isolated from animal sources in a form that could be administered to humans

A

insulin

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27
Q

what hormone is measured by RIA

A

insulin

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28
Q

what hormone is known to be synthesized from a larger precursor

A

insulin

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29
Q

main parts of an insulin structure

A

a chain, b chain and a bridge to connect the chains

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30
Q

which chromosome is insulin synthesized on

A

11

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31
Q

where is the metabolism for insulin at

A

liver and kidneys

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32
Q

separate a and b chains are ___ excreted in urine

A

inactively

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33
Q

a signal peptide for preproinsulin is cleaved when

A

early

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34
Q

preproinsulin has a ___

A

connecting peptide (C peptide)

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35
Q

what is proinsulin

A

preproinsulin minus the signal peptide

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36
Q

where does proinsulin travel to

A

ER

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37
Q

C peptide is removed by ___

A

proteases

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38
Q

C peptide is the basis for the test of type ___ diabetes

A

1

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39
Q

the C peptide levels reflect ___ function in people with type 1 diabetes

A

beta cell

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40
Q

stimulatory factors affecting insulin secretion

A

increase in glucose, AA, FA concentrations, ketones, cortisol, GIP, GLP1, K+, vagal stimulation (Ach), sulfonylurea drugs, obesity, b-adrenergic agonists, GH/prolactin, glucagon

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41
Q

inhibitory factors affecting insulin secretion

A

decrease in glucose concentration, fasting, exercise, somatostatin, EP, NE, IGF1, leptin, diazoxide

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42
Q

t/f: c peptide is secreted in equimolar amounts with insulin and is excreted unchanged in the urine

A

true

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43
Q

t/f: intravenous glucose does cause the release of GIP

A

false- only acts directly

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44
Q

what are incretins

A

group of GI tract hormones that cause an increase insulin release after eating

45
Q

what are 2 major incretins

A

GIP and GLP

46
Q

a ___ rate of stomach emptying decrease food intake

A

slow

47
Q

other factors affecting insulin secretion

A

FAs and Has use metabolic pathways, drugs to treat type 2 diabetes, closing K+ channels

48
Q

what does insulin bind to on a receptor

A

alpha subunits

49
Q

insulin activates ___ in the beta subunit which phosphorylates itself in the presence of ATP

A

tyrosine kinase

50
Q

what is the insulin-receptor complex internalized by

A

endocytosis

51
Q

insulin is either ___ or ___

A

degraded or stored to be used again

52
Q

how does insulin down regulate its own receptor

A

by decreasing the rate of synthesis and increasing the rate of degradation

53
Q

what is the hormone of abundance

A

insulin

54
Q

when are excess nutrients stored

A

when the availability > body demands insulin

55
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver

56
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue

57
Q

where is protein stored

A

muscle

58
Q

actions of insulin

A

decrease blood glucose concentration, decrease blood FA and ketoacid concentration, decrease blood AA concentration, promotes K+ and glucose uptake, direct effect on satiety center

59
Q

from where is the satiety center stimulated

A

ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus

60
Q

how does insulin decrease blood glucose

A

getting transported to target cells via GLUT4

61
Q

a decrease in blood glucose promotes ___

A

the formation of glycogen and inhibits glycogenolysis

62
Q

t/f: the liver does not require insulin for glucose uptake

A

true

63
Q

low blood glucose inhibits ___

A

gluconeogenesis

64
Q

how does insulin decrease blood FA and ketoacids

A

by decreasing their concentrations

65
Q

how do you decrease blood FA and ketoacid concentrations

A

inhibit the mobilization and oxidation of FA and increase storage

66
Q

adipose inhibits ___

A

lipolysis

67
Q

liver inhibits ketoacid formation by ___

A

decreasing FA degradation

68
Q

how does insulin decrease blood AAs

A

increase AA and protein uptake, increase protein synthesis and decrease protein degradation

69
Q

what are the tissues that don’t need insulin for glucose uptake

A

BRICKLE

brain, RBCs, intestine, cornea, kidney, liver, exercising skeletal muscle

70
Q

is GLUT2 insulin dependent

A

yes

71
Q

how does glucose enter pancreatic beta cells

A

via GLUT2

72
Q

which type of diabetes is insulin dependent

A

1

73
Q

what is type 1 diabetes characterized by

A

destruction of beta cells, loss of lean body mass and adipose, glucosuria, hyperkalemia

74
Q

characteristics of type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance of target tissues, associated with obesity

75
Q

what is type 2 diabetes caused by

A

down regulation of insulin receptors and insulin resistance

76
Q

in t2d, normal insulin concentrations cannot ___

A

activate receptors

77
Q

the main treatment for t2d is ___

A

exercise

78
Q

incretin effect on oral glucose tolerance test

A

GLP1

79
Q

graph over oral glucose tolerance test

A

a normal person’s blood glucose will decrease throughout the day after they wake up. someone with diabetes will have a constant increase in blood glucose after they wake up

80
Q

what is glucagon synthesized by

A

islet alpha cells

81
Q

what is the opposite of insulin

A

glucagon

82
Q

what is the hormone of starvation

A

glucagon

83
Q

function of glucagon and other fuel-mobilizing hormones

A

counterbalance the fuel-storing effects of insulin

84
Q

t/f: states of glucagon excess or deficiency always lead to overt disease due to other hormonal compensation

A

false- rarely

85
Q

what do peptides include

A

GI hormones, secretin and GIP

86
Q

what is glucagon synthesized as

A

preproglucagon

87
Q

how is preproglucagon stored

A

in dense granules

88
Q

stimulatory factors affecting glucagon secretion

A

fasting, decrease glucose concentration, increase AA concentration, CCK, EP, NE, Ach, GIP

89
Q

inhibitory factors affecting glucagon secretion

A

glucose, insulin, somatostatin, increase FA and ketoacid, GLP1

90
Q

what are the actions of glucagon

A

maintains blood glucose in the fasting state, increase glycogenolysis, glucogenesis, lipolysis, FA, ketoacids

91
Q

what is the most important function of glucagon

A

stimulates the liver to produce and secrete glucose and ketone bodies

92
Q

physiologic actions of glucagon

A

stimulates a hepatocyte to produce glucose, glycogenolysis, inhibits the formation of glycogen from glucose, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ketogenesis, ureogenesis

93
Q

where are amino groups removed

A

in urea

94
Q

what is the most important determinant of glucagon secretion

A

concentration of glucose

95
Q

at what level of secretion is glucagon maximally inhibited

A

> 200

96
Q

___ inhibits glucagon secretion

A

insulin and FFA

97
Q

when is glucagon secreted

A

by a protein rich meal

98
Q

function of glucagon

A

prepares the liver for gluconeogenesis and signals the liver to release glucose

99
Q

what is somatostatin secreted by

A

gamma islet cells

100
Q

what inhibits somatostatin

A

insulin

101
Q

pancreatic somatostatin inhibits the secretion of ___

A

insulin and glucagon

102
Q

function of somatostatin

A

modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food

103
Q

what is pancreatic polypeptide secreted by

A

F cells

104
Q

function of PP

A

self-regulate the pancreas’s secretory activities

105
Q

when is pp secreted

A

after a protein meal

106
Q

when is ghrelin secreted

A

in between eating

107
Q

where is ghrelin produced

A

stomach mucosa, pancreas, brain, ovary, adrenal cortex

108
Q

function of ghrelin

A

increases feelings of hunger, increases gastric acid secretion, gastric motility and gastric emptying

109
Q

what is the only hormone that promotes food intake

A

ghrelin

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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