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Endocrinology Exam 2 > GI hormones > Flashcards

GI hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest and most complex endocrine organ

A

GI tract

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2
Q

how many cells that line the tract secrete hormones

A

1%

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3
Q

how is the tract sensory

A

through hormonal and neural mechanisms and interactions

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4
Q

how is the tract innervated

A

sympathetics, parasympathetics and enterics

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5
Q

what are the gut neurotransmitters

A

NE, EP, Ach, peptides

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6
Q

functions of peptides

A

can act as neurotransmitters, neurohormones, neuromodulators

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7
Q

what is the most important nerve of the GI tract

A

vagus

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8
Q

the vagus nerve provides ___ innervation

A

parasympathetic

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9
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply

A

esophagus, stomach, SI, proximal colon

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10
Q

what does the pelvic nerve supply

A

colon and rectum

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11
Q

___ of the vagus is sensory, ___ is motor

A

3/4; 1/4

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12
Q

what receptors are scattered throughout the tract

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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13
Q

vaso-vagal reflexes are produced by ___

A

GI hormones

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14
Q

t/f: interactions communicate with the brainstem, but has to cross the BBB

A

false- doesn’t have to cross BBB

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15
Q

what are the big 4 GI hormones

A

gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP

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16
Q

what are other GI hormones

A

motilin, ghrelin, PP, enteroglucagon

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17
Q

what is little gastrin

A

secreted in response to eating

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18
Q

what is big gastrin

A

secreted at low basal levels in between meals

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19
Q

what is gastrin secreted from

A

g (gastrin) cells

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20
Q

where is gastrin secreted

A

Antrum of the stomach

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21
Q

what is the function of gastrin

A

H+-> lowers stomach pH-> activates pepsinogen-> begins protein digestion

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22
Q

stimuli of little gastrin

A

protein, stomach distention, vagal stimulation (bombesin)

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23
Q

what inhibits gastrin

A

somatostatin and low stomach pH

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24
Q

physiologic effects of gastrin

A

secrete H+, growth of gastric mucosa, gastric emptying

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25
Q

excess gastrin

A

increase H+ secretion, hypertrophy of gastric mucosa

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26
Q

deficiency of gastrin

A

decrease H+ secretion, atrophy of gastric mucosa

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27
Q

what is Zollinger-ellison syndrome

A

gastrinoma

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28
Q

what is the function of CCK

A

coordinates and promotes fat digestion and absorption

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29
Q

what secretes CCK

A

I cells

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30
Q

where is CCK secreted

A

duodenal and jejunal mucosa

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31
Q

when is CCK secreted

A

MGs and FAs, small peptides and AAs

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32
Q

what stimulates CCK

A

fat and protein

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33
Q

5 actions of CCK

A
  1. contraction of the gallbladder
  2. secretion of pancreatic enzymes
  3. secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas
  4. trophic effect on exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
  5. inhibition of gastric emptying
34
Q

what has a major effect on bicarbonate secretion

A

secretin

35
Q

t/f: you need all 27 AAs of secretin for activity to occur

A

true

36
Q

what is secretin secreted by

A

S cells

37
Q

where is secretin secreted

A

duodenum

38
Q

what stimulates secretin

A

H+ and FAs in the SI

39
Q

what is the function of secretin

A

promotes secretion of pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate which neutralizes H+ in the lumen of the SI

40
Q

what does secretin inhibit

A

the effects of gastrin on parietal cells

41
Q

what is GIP secreted by

A

K cells

42
Q

where is GIP secreted

A

duodenal/jejunal mucosa

43
Q

what stimulates GIP

A

glucose, AA, FAs

44
Q

what is the major effect of GIP

A

insulin

45
Q

what does GIP inhibit

A

gastric H+ secretion in animals

46
Q

where is motilin secreted

A

upper duodenum

47
Q

when is motilin secreted

A

during fasting

48
Q

what is motilin responsible for

A

migrating motility complex

49
Q

what is the function of motilin

A

clears the stomach and intestine in preparation for the next meal

50
Q

what stimulates motilin

A

enzyme secretion by the stomach and pancreas

51
Q

what does motilin stimulate

A

contraction of the gallbladder

52
Q

what is ghrelin secreted by

A

stomach mucosa

53
Q

when is ghrelin secreted

A

in between eating

54
Q

can ghrelin cross the BBB

A

yes

55
Q

what does ghrelin stimulate

A

appetite

56
Q

what is the function of ghrelin

A

increases the feelings of hunger, increase gastric acid secretion, gastric motility, gastric emptying

57
Q

what is PP secreted by

A

F cells

58
Q

when is PP secreted

A

ingestion of glucose, FAs, AAs

59
Q

what does PP inhibit

A

pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes

60
Q

when is PP increased

A

after a protein rich meal, fasting, exercise, acute hypoglycemia,

61
Q

when is PP decreased

A

somatostatin, intravenous glucose

62
Q

what does PP have effects on

A

hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions

63
Q

what is GLP secreted from

A

L cells

64
Q

where is GLP secreted

A

intestinal mucosa

65
Q

how does GLP affect the liver

A

increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

66
Q

GLP1 inhibits:

A

glucagon secretion, food intake, H+, slows gastric emptying

67
Q

GLP1 stimulates:

A

insulin secretion

68
Q

what are the functions of GLP2

A

improves digestion, mucosal repair, decreases inflammation, mucosal barrier

69
Q

a decrease in inflammation is due to

A

vagal stimulation

70
Q

what is the ideal brake mechanism

A

slowing of gastric and pancreatic exocrine secretion, stomach emptying and intestinal motility in response to the presence of unabsorbed nutrients

71
Q

is FAs an important signal

A

yes

72
Q

GLP1+ peptide YY=

A

increase nutrient absorption

73
Q

what are paracrines

A

produced in GI endocrine cells and act locally

74
Q

examples of paracrines

A

somatostatin, histamine

75
Q

what is the function of somatostatin

A

“neutralizes the GI tract”

76
Q

what is the function of histamine

A

stimulates H+ secretion

77
Q

examples of neurocrines

A

Ach, NE, VIP, gastrin releasing peptide, enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, substance P

78
Q

which neurocrines are inhibitory

A

enkephalins and neuropeptide Y

79
Q

what do enkephalins inhibit

A

intestinal secretion

80
Q

what does neuropeptide Y inhibit

A

intestinal secretion

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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