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Endocrinology Exam 2 > GI hormones > Flashcards

GI hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest and most complex endocrine organ

A

GI tract

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2
Q

how many cells that line the tract secrete hormones

A

1%

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3
Q

how is the tract sensory

A

through hormonal and neural mechanisms and interactions

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4
Q

how is the tract innervated

A

sympathetics, parasympathetics and enterics

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5
Q

what are the gut neurotransmitters

A

NE, EP, Ach, peptides

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6
Q

functions of peptides

A

can act as neurotransmitters, neurohormones, neuromodulators

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7
Q

what is the most important nerve of the GI tract

A

vagus

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8
Q

the vagus nerve provides ___ innervation

A

parasympathetic

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9
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply

A

esophagus, stomach, SI, proximal colon

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10
Q

what does the pelvic nerve supply

A

colon and rectum

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11
Q

___ of the vagus is sensory, ___ is motor

A

3/4; 1/4

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12
Q

what receptors are scattered throughout the tract

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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13
Q

vaso-vagal reflexes are produced by ___

A

GI hormones

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14
Q

t/f: interactions communicate with the brainstem, but has to cross the BBB

A

false- doesn’t have to cross BBB

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15
Q

what are the big 4 GI hormones

A

gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP

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16
Q

what are other GI hormones

A

motilin, ghrelin, PP, enteroglucagon

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17
Q

what is little gastrin

A

secreted in response to eating

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18
Q

what is big gastrin

A

secreted at low basal levels in between meals

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19
Q

what is gastrin secreted from

A

g (gastrin) cells

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20
Q

where is gastrin secreted

A

Antrum of the stomach

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21
Q

what is the function of gastrin

A

H+-> lowers stomach pH-> activates pepsinogen-> begins protein digestion

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22
Q

stimuli of little gastrin

A

protein, stomach distention, vagal stimulation (bombesin)

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23
Q

what inhibits gastrin

A

somatostatin and low stomach pH

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24
Q

physiologic effects of gastrin

A

secrete H+, growth of gastric mucosa, gastric emptying

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25
excess gastrin
increase H+ secretion, hypertrophy of gastric mucosa
26
deficiency of gastrin
decrease H+ secretion, atrophy of gastric mucosa
27
what is Zollinger-ellison syndrome
gastrinoma
28
what is the function of CCK
coordinates and promotes fat digestion and absorption
29
what secretes CCK
I cells
30
where is CCK secreted
duodenal and jejunal mucosa
31
when is CCK secreted
MGs and FAs, small peptides and AAs
32
what stimulates CCK
fat and protein
33
5 actions of CCK
1. contraction of the gallbladder 2. secretion of pancreatic enzymes 3. secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas 4. trophic effect on exocrine pancreas and gallbladder 5. inhibition of gastric emptying
34
what has a major effect on bicarbonate secretion
secretin
35
t/f: you need all 27 AAs of secretin for activity to occur
true
36
what is secretin secreted by
S cells
37
where is secretin secreted
duodenum
38
what stimulates secretin
H+ and FAs in the SI
39
what is the function of secretin
promotes secretion of pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate which neutralizes H+ in the lumen of the SI
40
what does secretin inhibit
the effects of gastrin on parietal cells
41
what is GIP secreted by
K cells
42
where is GIP secreted
duodenal/jejunal mucosa
43
what stimulates GIP
glucose, AA, FAs
44
what is the major effect of GIP
insulin
45
what does GIP inhibit
gastric H+ secretion in animals
46
where is motilin secreted
upper duodenum
47
when is motilin secreted
during fasting
48
what is motilin responsible for
migrating motility complex
49
what is the function of motilin
clears the stomach and intestine in preparation for the next meal
50
what stimulates motilin
enzyme secretion by the stomach and pancreas
51
what does motilin stimulate
contraction of the gallbladder
52
what is ghrelin secreted by
stomach mucosa
53
when is ghrelin secreted
in between eating
54
can ghrelin cross the BBB
yes
55
what does ghrelin stimulate
appetite
56
what is the function of ghrelin
increases the feelings of hunger, increase gastric acid secretion, gastric motility, gastric emptying
57
what is PP secreted by
F cells
58
when is PP secreted
ingestion of glucose, FAs, AAs
59
what does PP inhibit
pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes
60
when is PP increased
after a protein rich meal, fasting, exercise, acute hypoglycemia,
61
when is PP decreased
somatostatin, intravenous glucose
62
what does PP have effects on
hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions
63
what is GLP secreted from
L cells
64
where is GLP secreted
intestinal mucosa
65
how does GLP affect the liver
increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
66
GLP1 inhibits:
glucagon secretion, food intake, H+, slows gastric emptying
67
GLP1 stimulates:
insulin secretion
68
what are the functions of GLP2
improves digestion, mucosal repair, decreases inflammation, mucosal barrier
69
a decrease in inflammation is due to
vagal stimulation
70
what is the ideal brake mechanism
slowing of gastric and pancreatic exocrine secretion, stomach emptying and intestinal motility in response to the presence of unabsorbed nutrients
71
is FAs an important signal
yes
72
GLP1+ peptide YY=
increase nutrient absorption
73
what are paracrines
produced in GI endocrine cells and act locally
74
examples of paracrines
somatostatin, histamine
75
what is the function of somatostatin
"neutralizes the GI tract"
76
what is the function of histamine
stimulates H+ secretion
77
examples of neurocrines
Ach, NE, VIP, gastrin releasing peptide, enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, substance P
78
which neurocrines are inhibitory
enkephalins and neuropeptide Y
79
what do enkephalins inhibit
intestinal secretion
80
what does neuropeptide Y inhibit
intestinal secretion

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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