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Endocrinology Exam 2 > fuel metabolism > Flashcards

fuel metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

warm blooded animals require an uninterrupted supply of energy substrate to:

A

maintain body temperature, grow and reproduce, fight to survive, flee to escape danger

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2
Q

what else to warm blooded animals need

A

constant supply of glucose available to the brain, skeletal muscles and organs

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3
Q

where do we supply metabolic fuel sources

A

liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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4
Q

storage requires

A

regulation, consideration and monitoring, and consideration of food intake

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5
Q

what are the major regulators of fuel homeostasis

A

endocrine and ANS

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6
Q

function of hormonal regulation of metabolism

A

provide adequate energy substrate to keep blood glucose levels constant

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7
Q

when CHO is deficient, how is the availability of glucose maintained

A

gluconeogenesis, inhibition of glucose utilization of tissues that have an alternate energy source

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8
Q

what are the primary fuel hormones

A

insulin, EP, cortisol, glucagon, GH, thyroxine, leptin

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9
Q

what are the principal target tissues

A

adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what are the body fuels

A

glucose, glycogen, protein, fat

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11
Q

___ is the most abundant and efficient energy reserve

A

fat

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12
Q

is synthesis of FA from glucose reversible?

A

no, irreversible

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13
Q

when does fat uptake occur

A

after the breakdown to FA by lipoprotein lipase

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14
Q

why is fat a bad metabolic fuel

A

mobilization of stored TGs requires breakdown to FA, leaving a FFA

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15
Q

___ is required for the degradation of fat but not for glucose

A

oxygen

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16
Q

glucose supplies ___

A

RBCs

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17
Q

___ is readily converted to glucose in the liver

A

lactate

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18
Q

what are the kidneys capable of

A

gluconeogensis

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19
Q

how much glucose do the kidneys produce during fasting

A

20-40%

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20
Q

what is the glucose- FA cycle

A

increase in FA to muscle limits glucose utilization- increase in glucose limits FA utilization

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21
Q

depletion of energy monitored as accumulation of ___ relative to ATP

A

5’-AMP

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22
Q

AMPk on the hypothalamus

A

increase food intake (ghrelin)

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23
Q

AMPk on skeletal muscle

A

increase glucose transport (GLUT4), increase glycolysis, decrease glycogen synthesis, increase FA oxidation

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24
Q

AMPk on the liver

A

decrease FA synthesis, decrease gluconeogenesis, increase FA oxidation

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25
Q

AMPk on adipose tissue

A

decrease lipolysis, decrease FA esterification, decrease FA synthesis

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26
Q

effects of AMPk serve to increase ___ and decrease ___

A

energy production; energy consumption

27
Q

what decreases blood glucose

A

insulin

28
Q

what increases blood glucose

A

EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol, GH

29
Q

which hormones have a dramatic synergistic effect when working together

A

EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol

30
Q

what stimulates pancreatic alpha cells to release glucagon

A

hypoglycemia

31
Q

hypoglycemia stimulates SNS outflow to:

A

pancreatic islets of langerhans, liver, adrenal medulla

32
Q

what hormones can offset insulin induced hypoglycemia

A

EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol, GH

33
Q

short term regulation of insulin on blood glucose

A

lowers it, promotes storage by the liver as glycogen

34
Q

short term regulation of glucagon on blood glucose

A

raises it by promoting liver glycogenolysis

35
Q

what is the immediate source of blood glucose

A

liver glycogen

36
Q

liver is more responsive to ___ than muscle and adipose

A

insulin- but the liver does not depend on insulin for the uptake of glucose. it uses GLUT2

37
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue metabolism

A

cycle of FA esterification and TG lipolysis

38
Q

what are the effects of insulin on adipose metabolism

A

increase glucose uptake, FA synthesis, FA esterification, LDL hydrolysis
decrease lipolysis

39
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on adipose metabolism

A

increase lipolysis

decrease FA esterification, glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity

40
Q

what are the effects of GH on adipose tissue

A

increase lipolysis

decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity, FA esterification

41
Q

what are the effects of catecholamines on adipose metabolism

A

increase lipolysis, glycolysis

42
Q

what are the effects of T3 on adipose metabolism

A

increase glucose utilization, lipolysis

43
Q

what are the effects of insulin on skeletal muscle metabolism

A

increase glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis
decrease protein degradation

44
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on skeletal muscle metabolism

A

increase protein degradation, fat utilization (indirectly)

decrease protein synthesis, glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity

45
Q

what are the effects of GH on skeletal muscle metabolism

A

increase protein synthesis, fat utilization (indirectly)

decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity

46
Q

what are the effects of catecholamines on skeletal muscle metabolism

A

increase glycogenolysis, glycolysis

47
Q

what are the effects of T3 on skeletal muscle metabolism

A

increase glucose utilization, fat utilization

48
Q

what are the effects of insulin of the liver

A

increase glycogen synthesis, FA synthesis, FA esterification

decrease glucose production, ketogenesis

49
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on the liver

A

increase gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis

decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity

50
Q

what are the effects of GH on the liver

A

increase gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, IGF production

decrease insulin sensitivity

51
Q

what are the effects of catecholamines on the liver

A

increase glycogenolysis

52
Q

what are the effects of T3 on the liver

A

increase utilization, glycogenolysis

53
Q

what are the effects of glucagon on the liver

A

increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis

54
Q

insulin inhibits ___

A

glucagon

55
Q

NE and EP inhibit ___

A

insulin secretion

56
Q

NE and EP stimulate ___

A

glucagon secretion

57
Q

too much ___ leads to diabetes

A

sensitivity of beta cells

58
Q

what does postprandial mean

A

after eating

59
Q

when is the peak time for initial fasting

A

7 am

60
Q

what are adiposity signals

A

hormones whose production and actions associated with monitoring the mass of adipose stores

61
Q

examples of adiposity signals

A

leptin, insulin, adipokinesA$%

62
Q

function of peripheral satiety signals

A

regulate fuel intake and disposition

63
Q

examples of peripheral satiety signals

A

ghrelin, CCK, GLP1, peptide YY, PP

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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