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Endocrinology Exam 2 > fuel metabolism > Flashcards

fuel metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

warm blooded animals require an uninterrupted supply of energy substrate to:

A

maintain body temperature, grow and reproduce, fight to survive, flee to escape danger

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2
Q

what else to warm blooded animals need

A

constant supply of glucose available to the brain, skeletal muscles and organs

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3
Q

where do we supply metabolic fuel sources

A

liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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4
Q

storage requires

A

regulation, consideration and monitoring, and consideration of food intake

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5
Q

what are the major regulators of fuel homeostasis

A

endocrine and ANS

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6
Q

function of hormonal regulation of metabolism

A

provide adequate energy substrate to keep blood glucose levels constant

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7
Q

when CHO is deficient, how is the availability of glucose maintained

A

gluconeogenesis, inhibition of glucose utilization of tissues that have an alternate energy source

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8
Q

what are the primary fuel hormones

A

insulin, EP, cortisol, glucagon, GH, thyroxine, leptin

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9
Q

what are the principal target tissues

A

adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what are the body fuels

A

glucose, glycogen, protein, fat

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11
Q

___ is the most abundant and efficient energy reserve

A

fat

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12
Q

is synthesis of FA from glucose reversible?

A

no, irreversible

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13
Q

when does fat uptake occur

A

after the breakdown to FA by lipoprotein lipase

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14
Q

why is fat a bad metabolic fuel

A

mobilization of stored TGs requires breakdown to FA, leaving a FFA

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15
Q

___ is required for the degradation of fat but not for glucose

A

oxygen

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16
Q

glucose supplies ___

A

RBCs

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17
Q

___ is readily converted to glucose in the liver

A

lactate

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18
Q

what are the kidneys capable of

A

gluconeogensis

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19
Q

how much glucose do the kidneys produce during fasting

A

20-40%

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20
Q

what is the glucose- FA cycle

A

increase in FA to muscle limits glucose utilization- increase in glucose limits FA utilization

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21
Q

depletion of energy monitored as accumulation of ___ relative to ATP

A

5’-AMP

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22
Q

AMPk on the hypothalamus

A

increase food intake (ghrelin)

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23
Q

AMPk on skeletal muscle

A

increase glucose transport (GLUT4), increase glycolysis, decrease glycogen synthesis, increase FA oxidation

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24
Q

AMPk on the liver

A

decrease FA synthesis, decrease gluconeogenesis, increase FA oxidation

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25
AMPk on adipose tissue
decrease lipolysis, decrease FA esterification, decrease FA synthesis
26
effects of AMPk serve to increase ___ and decrease ___
energy production; energy consumption
27
what decreases blood glucose
insulin
28
what increases blood glucose
EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol, GH
29
which hormones have a dramatic synergistic effect when working together
EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol
30
what stimulates pancreatic alpha cells to release glucagon
hypoglycemia
31
hypoglycemia stimulates SNS outflow to:
pancreatic islets of langerhans, liver, adrenal medulla
32
what hormones can offset insulin induced hypoglycemia
EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol, GH
33
short term regulation of insulin on blood glucose
lowers it, promotes storage by the liver as glycogen
34
short term regulation of glucagon on blood glucose
raises it by promoting liver glycogenolysis
35
what is the immediate source of blood glucose
liver glycogen
36
liver is more responsive to ___ than muscle and adipose
insulin- but the liver does not depend on insulin for the uptake of glucose. it uses GLUT2
37
what is the function of adipose tissue metabolism
cycle of FA esterification and TG lipolysis
38
what are the effects of insulin on adipose metabolism
increase glucose uptake, FA synthesis, FA esterification, LDL hydrolysis decrease lipolysis
39
what are the effects of cortisol on adipose metabolism
increase lipolysis | decrease FA esterification, glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity
40
what are the effects of GH on adipose tissue
increase lipolysis | decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity, FA esterification
41
what are the effects of catecholamines on adipose metabolism
increase lipolysis, glycolysis
42
what are the effects of T3 on adipose metabolism
increase glucose utilization, lipolysis
43
what are the effects of insulin on skeletal muscle metabolism
increase glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis decrease protein degradation
44
what are the effects of cortisol on skeletal muscle metabolism
increase protein degradation, fat utilization (indirectly) | decrease protein synthesis, glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity
45
what are the effects of GH on skeletal muscle metabolism
increase protein synthesis, fat utilization (indirectly) | decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity
46
what are the effects of catecholamines on skeletal muscle metabolism
increase glycogenolysis, glycolysis
47
what are the effects of T3 on skeletal muscle metabolism
increase glucose utilization, fat utilization
48
what are the effects of insulin of the liver
increase glycogen synthesis, FA synthesis, FA esterification | decrease glucose production, ketogenesis
49
what are the effects of cortisol on the liver
increase gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis | decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity
50
what are the effects of GH on the liver
increase gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, IGF production | decrease insulin sensitivity
51
what are the effects of catecholamines on the liver
increase glycogenolysis
52
what are the effects of T3 on the liver
increase utilization, glycogenolysis
53
what are the effects of glucagon on the liver
increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis
54
insulin inhibits ___
glucagon
55
NE and EP inhibit ___
insulin secretion
56
NE and EP stimulate ___
glucagon secretion
57
too much ___ leads to diabetes
sensitivity of beta cells
58
what does postprandial mean
after eating
59
when is the peak time for initial fasting
7 am
60
what are adiposity signals
hormones whose production and actions associated with monitoring the mass of adipose stores
61
examples of adiposity signals
leptin, insulin, adipokinesA$%
62
function of peripheral satiety signals
regulate fuel intake and disposition
63
examples of peripheral satiety signals
ghrelin, CCK, GLP1, peptide YY, PP

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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