Practice Questions Flashcards
Sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca++), chloride (Cl-), and sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-) are all examples of charged particles that share which of the following common feature?
More abundant in extracellular fluid (ECF)
The single largest component of the animal cell membrane is:
Protein.
Which of the following is a true statement about the function of the cell membrane?
It maintains ICF (intracellular fluid) separate from ECF (extracellular fluid).
Both lysosomes and peroxisomes digest organic molecules. A primary difference between the two is that:
Peroxisomes use molecular oxygen.
Maintaining cell volume and membrane potential are important functions of the:
Cell membrane.
Protein synthesis is a process in which organelles work together to synthesize a mature protein. Which statement best describes the process by which mature functional proteins are produced?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures proteins and the Golgi apparatus modifies them with enzymes.
The cytoskeleton is composed of actin, filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Which of the following is a true statement about the cytoskeleton?
Maintains organization of organelles.
The osmolality of ECF is:
The same as ICF.
A variety of physiologic mechanisms are employed to transport fluid and solutes across the cell membrane. Which one of them is described by the equation J = [D(A) (Cin – Cout)]/X?
Diffusion.
Fick’s First Law of Diffusion states that flux is decreased when _____ is increased.
Thickness of the membrane
Membrane potential is created by the separation of charges by the cell membrane. The cell membrane gets its charge as a function of the ion:
That is drawn to the inner aspect of the membrane.
The absolute refractory period is the time during which:
No stimulus can cause a second action potential.
The pressure gradient created when there are different concentrations of a solute on either side of a membrane and the solute cannot cross the membrane is a function of:
Osmosis.
Diffusion that utilizes a carrier-mediated process to allow transport of particles that are too large to move by simple diffusion is called:
Facilitated diffusion.
When energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP molecules is used to transport ions against the concentration gradient, this is called:
Active transport.
The upstroke of the action potential of various cell types is initiated through the:
Opening of sodium channels.
Stages of the action potential include all of the following except:
Reverse stroke.
The wave shape of the action potential can vary for different cell types. The wave shape is primarily determined by the:
Number and type of ion channels utilized.
Cellular injury due to hypoxia can be fully reversed until:
Plasma membrane is damaged.
Hypothermic injury can result in ischemia due to:
Increased blood viscosity.
Ischemia, heart disease, lung disease, and red blood cell (RBC) disorders are all examples of conditions that may result in:
Hypoxic injury.
Manifestations of electromagnetic radiation include all of the following except:
Gas emboli.
The mechanism of cellular injury that occurs as a function of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation is:
Free radical damage.
When a cell becomes hypoxic, a series of events occurs that will ultimately result in cell death if not interrupted. The process begins with:
Decreased ATP production.
When a cell is experiencing oxygen deficiency, the pH falls because of:
Anaerobic glycolysis producing lactate.
Which mechanism of cellular injury is characterized by the breakage of chemical bonds that hold deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) together?
Electrical.
Which of the following can occur due to altered absorption of nutrients?
Pernicious anemia.
A clinical condition that occurs as a result of pathologic lipid metabolism is:
Tay-Sachs disease.
A pyknotic nucleus and karyolysis are typical morphologic characteristics of:
Necrotic presentation.
Malaise, fever, and leukocytosis are all systemic manifestations of:
Localized necrosis.
The difference between dry and wet gangrene is that:
Wet gangrene is typically found on internal organs.
The inflammatory response is characterized by a series of stages. Chemotaxis occurs during the _________ stage.
Emigration
When cells are repeatedly exposed to injury, they can mutate in an effort to replace themselves with a cell type better prepared to resist the injury. This is known as:
Metaplasia.
Which method of cellular adaptation is characterized by accelerated mitotic division?
Hyperplasia.
With respect to the developing red blood cell, the nucleus is ejected when the cell is at which of the following stages of development?
Reticulocyte.
Based upon a knowledge of the physiology of iron deficiency anemia, the clinician knows that when an adult presents with microcytic anemia and no apparent cause of blood loss, evaluation and management should include:
Gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluation.
Division of red blood cells and subsequent development of an adequate red blood cell count relies on the presence of ______________ in the maturation stages.
A nucleus
Hemoglobin synthesis occurs during the reticulocyte stage of red blood cell production. It is a product of the assembly of:
Four protein chains – two alpha and two beta.
In order to absorb vitamin B12, the patient must be able to produce intrinsic factor from a healthy:
Gastric parietal cell.
Mature red blood cell (RBC) development is best described by the following progression:
Bursting form unit, pro-erythroblast, reticulocyte.
The predominant form of healthy hemoglobin in a healthy individual is:
Hemoglobin A1.
When evaluating causes of common anemias, the clinician recognizes that the majority of iron for heme synthesis comes from:
Recycled red blood cells.
Which of the following anemias is characterized by a single amino acid substitution?
Sickle cell anemia.
Adhesion, aggregation, and secretion are all characteristic of:
Platelet functional activity.
Hemostasis and subsequent arrest of bleeding after vessel injury is a two-step process. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway activation are mechanisms of clotting that share which common feature?
Activation of factor X
In the cell-based model of clotting, thrombin activates all of the following except:
Plasminogen.
The cell-based model of clotting highlights the role of thrombin as _________ activator which results in a positive feedback cycle of clot extension.
Platelet
The cell-based model of clotting is a relatively new theory and offers a different approach to the relationship between primary and secondary clotting. The defining feature of this theory is that it:
Reflects the interrelated role that thrombin plays in both fibrinogen and platelet activation.
The primary function of plasmin is to:
Degrade the clot.
The three phases of the cell-based model of clotting are:
Initiation, amplification, propagation.
Clotting disorders include all of the following except:
Peripheral arterial disease.
The majority of cases of hemophilia are due to a deficiency of:
Factor VIII.
The type of leukocyte responsible for fighting bacterial infections is:
Neutrophils.
The type of leukocyte responsible for responding to allergic events and parasitic infection is:
Eosinophils.
For a patient with thrombocytopenia, the risk of appreciable bleeding is negligible until the platelet count reaches:
<50,000/mm3.
Which of the following is consistent with a “left shift” differential?
Neutrophils at 82%.
