CH.2 Cell Injury/Adaptation/Death

Question 1

xygen deficiency (hypoxic injury) results in “power failure” in the cell.
– Most often due to…

Answer 1

Ischemia.
* Heart disease.
* Lung disease.
* RBC disorders.

Question 2

No Oxygen=

Answer 2

No ATP

Question 3

Hypothermic injury

Answer 3

Hypothermic injury
* Severe vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity causes ischemia.
* With continued exposure, paradoxical vasodilatation may occur.
* Cytosol freezes and intracellular ice crystals form

Question 4

Hyperthermic injury

Answer 4

Microvascular coagulation
* Increased metabolic processes
* Direct tissue destruction

Question 5

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 5

Changes in atmospheric pressure interfere with gas exchange in the lungs.
* Gas emboli form in the blood.
* Gas emboli are a mechanical impedance to
blood flow resulting in ischemia.

Question 6

Changes in atmospheric pressure interfere with gas exchange in the lungs.

Answer 6

• Gas emboli form in the blood.
• Gas emboli are a mechanical impedance to
  blood flow resulting in ischemia.

Question 7

Electrical injury

Answer 7

• Cells of the body act as conductors of electricity.
• Neural and cardiac impulses are interrupted.
• Hyperthermic destruction occurs.
• Current flows through the path of least resistance.

Question 8

Bacterial injury

Answer 8

Too large to get into the cell

– Injury as a result of the immune response
* Some secrete enzymes that digest cellular
membrane.

Question 9

Viruses

Answer 9

• Small bits of genetic material that can get into the cell
• Uses the hosts metabolic machinery to replicate
• May be directly cytopathic
  – Kills the host cell without host immune system participation
  – Creates channels in the plasma membrane

Question 10

Chemicals

Answer 10

Toxic chemicals/poisons exert their effects by interfering with bonds. At the level of the cell, almost everything centers around bonds.

Question 11

Some toxic chemicals are inherently reactive such as

Answer 11

Heavy metals (lead, mercury)
* Toxic gases (carbon monoxide)
* Corrosives (acids, alkalis)
* Antimetabolites (cyclophosphamide, vincristine)
Fitzgerald Health Educatio

Question 12

Nutritional injury

Answer 12

Cell injury can come from deficiency or excess of nutrients.

Question 13

Nutritional deficiencies result from…

Answer 13

Poor diet (iron deficiency anemia).
* Altered absorption (pernicious anemia).
* Impaired distribution (circulatory inefficiency).
* Inefficient cellular uptake (no carrier).

Question 14

Atrophy

Answer 14

• The cell shrinks in an attempt to reduce its workload.

Question 15

Hypertrophy

Answer 15

• The cell increases its mass in an attempt to increase its functional capacity.

Question 16

Hydropic swelling
*

Answer 16

Swelling of the cell due to an accumulation of water

Question 17

Irreversible cell injury

Answer 17

– Injury has gone on too long or is to extensive to repair and results in cell death.

Question 18

Fat necrosis (death of adipose tissue)

Answer 18

– Usually results from trauma to the pancreas

Question 19

Gangrene

Answer 19

Cellular death to a large area of tissue
* Results from interruption of major blood supply
* Dry gangrene– Blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated from healthy tissue by a line of demarcation

Question 20

Wet gangrene

Answer 20

Typically found on internal organs: cold, black, foul smelling.

Question 21

• Gas gangrene

Answer 21

Gas bubbles in necrotic tissue from Clostridium spp.; rapidly fatal

Question 22

Enzymes may be absent as part of a genetic defect ̶in

Answer 22

Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 23

3 purpose of inflammatory response

Answer 23

Neutralize invading agents.
– Limit spread to other tissue.
– Prepare damaged tissue for repair.
Fitzgerald Health Education Associates 84

Question 24

Cellular injury due to hypoxia can be fully reversed until:

Answer 24

Plasma membrane is damaged.

Question 25

Hypothermic injury can result in ischemia due to:

Answer 25

Increased blood viscosity.

Question 26

Ischemia, heart disease, lung disease, and red blood cell (RBC) disorders are all examples of conditions that may result in:

Answer 26

Hypoxic injury.

Question 27

Manifestations of electromagnetic radiation include all of the following except:

Answer 27

Gas emboli.

Question 28

The mechanism of cellular injury that occurs as a function of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation is:

Answer 28

Free radical damage.

Question 29

When a cell becomes hypoxic, a series of events occurs that will ultimately result in cell death if not interrupted. The process begins with:

Answer 29

Decreased ATP production.

Question 30

When a cell is experiencing oxygen deficiency, the pH falls because of:

Answer 30

Anaerobic glycolysis producing lactate.

Question 31

Which mechanism of cellular injury is characterized by the breakage of chemical bonds that hold deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) together?

Answer 31

Electrical.

Question 32

Which of the following can occur due to altered absorption of nutrients?

Answer 32

Pernicious anemia.

Question 33

A clinical condition that occurs as a result of pathologic lipid metabolism is:

Answer 33

Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 34

A pyknotic nucleus and karyolysis are typical morphologic characteristics of:

Answer 34

Necrotic presentation.

Question 35

Malaise, fever, and leukocytosis are all systemic manifestations of:

Answer 35

Localized necrosis.

Question 36

The difference between dry and wet gangrene is that:

Answer 36

Wet gangrene is typically found on internal organs.

Question 37

The inflammatory response is characterized by a series of stages. Chemotaxis occurs during the _________ stage.

Answer 37

Emigration

Question 38

When cells are repeatedly exposed to injury, they can mutate in an effort to replace themselves with a cell type better prepared to resist the injury. This is known as:

Answer 38

Metaplasia.

Question 39

Which method of cellular adaptation is characterized by accelerated mitotic division?

Answer 39

Hyperplasia.