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Pace- Patho > CH. 1 CELL STRUCTURE > Flashcards

CH. 1 CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is contained by the

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

The cell membrane is a

A
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3
Q

functions of the cell mambrane

A
  • cell volume regulation- what gets in and goes out
  • renal filtration
    GI absorption
    Oxygen delivery to cells
    maintenance of resting potential
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4
Q

The cell membrane is composed of

A

lipids, proteins(water loving), and polysaccharides.

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5
Q

hydrophilic ______ of cell membrane

A

heads

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6
Q

lipophyllic ______ of cell membrane

A

tails

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7
Q

transmembrane proteins serve as

A

channels, carriers, pumps and receptors- hydrophilic molecules to move

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8
Q

Integral proteins serve as

A

enzymes

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9
Q

One of the primary functions of the cell membrane is to maintain

A

the intracellular fluid (ICF) separate from the extracellular fluid (ECF).

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10
Q

osmolarity of ICF is the ________ as the osmolarity of ECF

A

same

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11
Q

Another function of the cell membrane is that it

A

holds cells together so that they can:
– Function as an electrical unit – Transmit force
– Form a continuous barrier

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12
Q

__________ maintains cell shape and directs progression of substances.

A

The cytoskeleton

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13
Q
  • Actin filaments
A

‒ allows cell contraction

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14
Q
  • Microtubules of cytoskeleton
A

‒ organizes organelles

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15
Q
  • Intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
A

structural support of the cell

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16
Q

nucleus

A
  • Contains genetic material protected by
    two membranes.
    – Nuclear DNA controls production of enzymes and membrane receptors as well as maintaining genetic control.
    – It is the largest organelle.
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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum
–

A

Central role is synthesis of protein and steroids

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18
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

ost abundant in cells that specialize in steroid hormone or lipoprotein production.

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19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Primary function is protein synthesis.

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

– Receives newly synthesized proteins and
lipids from the ER.
– As they move through the Golgi, they are
modified by enzymes that attach sugar
molecules.
When they leave the apparatus, they have
very specific destinations.- (mature)

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21
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

Organelles that digest and breakdown
organic molecules.

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Converts energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular reactions.

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23
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

24
Q

Sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca++), chloride (Cl-), and sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-) are all examples of charged particles that share which of the following common feature?

A

More abundant in extracellular fluid (ECF)

25
Q

The single largest component of the animal cell membrane is:

A

Protein.

26
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about the function of the cell membrane?

A

It maintains ICF (intracellular fluid) separate from ECF (extracellular fluid).

27
Q

Both lysosomes and peroxisomes digest organic molecules. A primary difference between the two is that:

A

Peroxisomes use molecular oxygen.

28
Q

Maintaining cell volume and membrane potential are important functions of the:

A

Cell membrane.

29
Q

Protein synthesis is a process in which organelles work together to synthesize a mature protein. Which statement best describes the process by which mature functional proteins are produced?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures proteins and the Golgi apparatus modifies them with enzymes.

30
Q

The cell membrane functions to:

A

Act as an electrical unit.

31
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of actin, filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Which of the following is a true statement about the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains organization of organelles.

32
Q

The osmolality of ECF is:

A

The same as ICF.

33
Q

Non-energy requiring mechanisms are

A

– Simple diffusion
– Facilitated diffusion
– Osmosis – water moves dependent upon solute concentration

34
Q

Energy-requiring mechanisms

A

– Active transport
– Secondary active transport

35
Q

Simple diffusion

A

substance is lipophilic from high to low

Spontaneous movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
– Requires no external source of energy
– Each particle moves in random motion

36
Q

this is a carrier- mediated process that allows particles that are too big to go by simple diffusion to get into the cell.

A

Facilitated diffusion

37
Q

the passive flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane down an osmotic pressure gradient.

A

Osmosis

38
Q

Energy is used from the hydrolysis of ATP to transport energy against its concentration gradient for

A

Active transport
ex. NA+, K+ pump

39
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses energy stored in the sodium concentration gradient to transport material against an energy gradient.

40
Q

The cell membrane acts as a capacitor where

A

It stores electrical charges that will drive many processes.

41
Q

membrane potential

A

exists as a negative charge

42
Q

membrane potential

A

exists as a negative charge

43
Q

resting state is

A

-60 to -80

44
Q

Depolarization to -40 mV causes

A

Na+ channels to open.

45
Q

A variety of physiologic mechanisms are employed to transport fluid and solutes across the cell membrane. Which one of them is described by the equation J = [D(A) (Cin – Cout)]/X?

A

Diffusion.

46
Q

Fick’s First Law of Diffusion states that flux is decreased when _____ is increased.

A

Thickness of the membrane

47
Q

Fick’s First Law of Diffusion states that flux is decreased when _____ is increased.

A

Thickness of the membrane

48
Q

Membrane potential is created by the separation of charges by the cell membrane. The cell membrane gets its charge as a function of the ion:

A

That is drawn to the inner aspect of the membrane.

49
Q

The absolute refractory period is the time during which:

A

No stimulus can cause a second action potential.

50
Q

The pressure gradient created when there are different concentrations of a solute on either side of a membrane and the solute cannot cross the membrane is a function of:

A

Osmosis.

51
Q

Diffusion that utilizes a carrier-mediated process to allow transport of particles that are too large to move by simple diffusion is called:

A

Facilitated diffusion.

52
Q

When energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP molecules is used to transport ions against the concentration gradient, this is called:

A

Active transport.

53
Q

The upstroke of the action potential of various cell types is initiated through the:

A

Opening of sodium channels.

54
Q

Stages of the action potential include all of the following except:

A

Reverse stroke.

55
Q

The wave shape of the action potential can vary for different cell types. The wave shape is primarily determined by the:

A

Number and type of ion channels utilized.

Pace- Patho (10 decks)

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