Practice Questions Flashcards
What type of identification is required for dogs and cat’s entering Hawaii?
Microchip
Dogs and cats entering hawaiii must have a health certificate within how many days of arrival?
14 days
Dogs and cats entering Hawaii for the 5day or less quarantine program must have an OIE FAVN test no less than how many days and no more than how many months prior to arrival?
No less than 120d (30d actual but not there?)
No more than 36 months (3 years)
Dogs and cats entering Hawaii require _______ rabies vaccinations administered no more than an ______ days apart
2 rabies vaccines no more than 30d apart
Bufo marinus venom is considered what type of toxin?
Cardiac glycoside
What clinical signs are consistent with bufo marinus toxicity?
Salivation
Pawing at mouth
Vomiting
All of the above **
Where does erlichiosis morulae organism go into cells?
Morulae can be found in monocytes and lymphocytes (acute phase)
Which of the following is false regarding leptospirosis?
Most commonly transmitted via aerosol
(Primary transmission is via direct contact with infected urine, placental fluids, or milk)
Which of the following is false regarding antibiotic therapy in leptospirosis?
These things are true:
Doxycyclne - treats leptospiremic + leptospiruic
Penicillin – treats leptospiremic (must add doxy to get leptospiruric phase)
Enrofloxacin + Clarithromycin – treat leptospiuric phase
Which is FALSE regarding leptospirosis?*
IFA is always diagnostic
It can be detected 9 days after infection
Convalescent titers are recommended
- IFA is always diagnostic - FALSE
True Items:
- It can be detected 9 days after infection (incubation 4-20days)
- Convalescent titers are recommended (confirmed usually by a 4-fold rise in antibody titer in paired serum samples)
Question about Platynosomum concinnum - the cat most likely acquired this by ingesting a:
Gecko
Jackson chameleon
Anole
All of the above
- All of the above
- Gecko
- Jackson chameleon
- Anole
What clinical signs are most consistent with Platynosomum concinnum infection in a cat, and how does it affect dogs?
- vomiting, diarrhea, icterus, hepatomegaly; many cats asymptomatic- rare affect dogs
In cats – often no clinical signs, or vomiting, diarrhea, fever, jaundice, depression, poor appetite, large liver.
How is Platynosomum concinnum diagnosed?
- Formalin-ether sedimentation
Because most infected cats do not show any signs, diagnosis can be difficult.
o Fecal and blood tests and ultrasonography may be used.
o Embryonated eggs pass from bile into GI, where they may be detected in feces as early as 12 wk after infection (sedimentation, Baermann test, centrifugal fecal flotation with Sheather’s sugar solution)
In a cat with Platynosomum concinnum - which of the following is true?
Praziquantal is treatment of choice
Can be effectively treated with mebendazole and fenbendazole
Can be diagnosed by fecal formalin -esther sedimentation testing
All of the above
Praziquantal is treatment of choice?
- What predisposes horses to nutritional hyperparathyroidism?
- Fed grain
- Unsupplemented grass
- Chronic renal disease
- All of the above
Fed Grain
You diagnose nutritional hyperparathyroidism. As the veterinarian what should you recommend?
o Alfalfa is a good choice as it has a high calcium level.
o Add limestone to the alfalfa to increase the amount of calcium.
o Mineral block with high calcium to pho ratio
Feed Calcium: Phosphorus at least 2:1 (3:1 to treat)
- What is TRUE regarding canine babesiosis?
- Can be passed down via generations
- Spread through intermediate host’s feces
- Infect RBC and does not spread to other RBCs
Passed down via generations? (i.e. transplacental)
Babesia parasites are generally spread by ticks although they can be spread by other means:
blood transfusions,
contaminated veterinary equipment
between dogs through fighting.
Transplacental transmission
Which anti-babesial drug is FDA approved?
Imidocarb
Epistaxis and hemorrhage from babesia infection can be caused by thrombocytopenia or ?
DIC
What is the toxic component in castor beans?
Ricin
What is the appropriate treatment for castor bean toxicity?
- Activated charcoal, IV fluid therapy
No antidote- Emesis, gastric lavage, GI protectants, charcoal, IV fluids, seizure management, guarded with GI signs
Castor bean toxicity increases if the seeds are:
Chewed or cracked
What is the best treatment for Chlamydophila psittaci in a parrot that is gravely ill?
- IV doxycycline followed by oral doxycycline
What is most likely to be seen on CBC of a parrot affected by Chlamydophila psittaci?
- Anemia, leukocytosis, heterophilia?
Hematologic changes most often present are anemia and leukocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis. Plasma bile acids, AST, LDH, and uric acid may be increased.
What is the toxic component in Haole Koa? (Leucaena)
- Mimosine
Cattle affected by Haole Koa will have alopecia/hairloss and:
* Horizontal cracked hoof
* Reproductive failure
* Decreased mild production
* None of the above
Horizontal cracked hoof
What is the toxic component in lantana?
- Triterpene alkaloids
What is the primary toxic effect of lantana?
Photosensitiziation
Liver disease + photosensitization
What clinical signs may be associated with sand enterocolopathy?
* All of the above
* Diarrhea
* Colic
* Malabsorption syndrome
All of the above
Diarrhea
Colic
Malabsorption syndrome
What substance in snail bait causes toxicity?
Metaldehyde
Which clinical signs may be caused by metaldehyde toxicity?
Tachycardia/tachypnea
cyanosis
seizures/convulsions
All of the above
All of the above
Cyanosis
Hypersalivation> vomiting> anxiety> restlessness> tachycardia> tachypnea/ panting> neuro signs (hyperesthesia, seizures, mydriasis, nystagmus> CNS depression> coma> death
Clinical signs include neurologic dysfunction, gastrointestinal distress, hyperthermia, and cyanosis
What is the appropriate treatment for Dermatophilus congolensis infection?
- Antibiotic and topical antiseptics
What is the treatment for Fasciola gigantica (ruminants)?
Albendazole
Only 2 drugs in US approved for cattle and sheep: clorsulon and albendazole
What is the primary toxic effect of mesquite?
- Rumen atony/stasis and ketosis
Tremors/ paralysis of mouth
Rumen dysbiosis
Ketosis
GI impaction
You sheep on pasture and see tetanic convulsions, what is the underlying cause
- Hypomagnesemia
What is the toxic compound and signs are consistent with Naalehu disease?
Toxin = 1,25 cholecalciferol, calcitrol in leaves
* Dystrophic mineralization
Weight loss, joint swelling, calcification of tissues
A puppy was out in the yard and suddenly has severe bradycardia, which plant is likely the cause?
- Oleander
If a dog survives the first stage of paraquat toxicity, when it presents to you in the second stage what are you likely to see?
Pulmonary Fibrosis/Edema - Respiratory distress not reponsive to oxygen therapy
Biphasic response
Stage 1 - excitement, convulsions or depression and incoordination, gastroenteritis with anorexia, and possibly renal involvement and respiratory difficulty. Eye, nasal, and skin irritation can be caused by direct contact,
Stage 2 - (days to weeks) - pulmonary lesions, progressive respiratory distress - pulmonary edema, hyaline membrane deposition, and alveolar fibrosis.
If a dog consumes taro, which clinical signs are you likely to see?
Blisters and swelling of the mouth?
Swelling in mouth> hypersalivation> retching/vomiting
Difficulty breathing, kidney damage
Primary toxic effect of Haole Kao?
Alopecia/ Hair loss, cracked hooves
Treatment of Bufo marinus toxicity?
Rinse mouth and oxygen therapy
- Treatment – copious flushing of mucous membranes, supportive care, no antidote available, DON’T make vomit due to neuro effects. Treat arrythmias. Can try digoxin FAB (but expensive)
Toxic component of Taro?
Calcium oxolate
Primary toxic effect of oleander?
Arrythmogenic
(puppy tachycardia)
Which of the following is false regarding antibioitc treatment of lepto?
Penicillin is effective for the leptospiruric stage
Only effective for leptospiremic phase
Which clinical syndrome does NOT occur with leptospirosis?
DIC and peracute death
Anemia
Renal and hepatic Failure
Abdominal pain and Myalgia
DIC and peracute death (? not sure)
(although DIC can occur, it is likely later in the process and therefore not peracute)
What is the best treatment for a dog with Erlichia that has renal compromise?
Tetracycline
Doxycycine
Oxytetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Doxycycline
A dog presents to you for CBC, CHEM, Fecal and UA - which finding would be suggestive of E. canis infection?
Thrombocytopenia
You treat a dog for E Canis and recheck titers a month later, What is important to remember?
Titers may take many months to years to go back down.
What clinical signs are consistent with acute Chlyamidophila in an African parrot?
Diarrhea, sinusitis, conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, air sacculitis, nasal discharge, anorexia, apathy, drop in egg production, diarrhea, ocular discharge, and respiratory disease
Treatment for critically ill bird with Chlamydia?
IV doxy then PO doxy
Large psitticines entering Hawaii should quarantine for how long?
30 days?
Babesia canis causes:
Intravascular hemolysis
Regenerative aneamia
Extravascular hemolysis, regenerative or non-regen anemia
Intravascular hemolysis
What are clinical signs of magnesium toxicity (low magnesium) in cattle?
Tetanic convulsions
(hypomagnesic tetany)
An acute neurological condition due to low dietary intake of magnesium typically affecting lactating cattle grazing green pastures or cereal crops. Parenteral treatment with magnesium sulfate results in rapid recovery, and dietary supplementation with magnesium oxide as a topdressing on hay can prevent the condition.
What soil presdisposes horses to nutitional hyperparathyroidism?
Low calcium, high Phosphorus
How can sand impaction be prevented?
Psyllium in food for one week each month
Pseudorabies -
What type of virus?
Transmission?
What are dead end hosts?
Diagnosis?
Treatment?
DNA herpesvirus
Transmission:
Nose-to-nose or fecal-oral contact, Indirect transmission commonly occurs via inhalation of aerosolized virus.
Dead-end hosts, such as dogs (‘mad itch’?), cats, or wildlife, can transmit the virus between farms, but these animals survive only 2–3 days after becoming infected. Birds do not seem to play a role in transmission.
Diagnosis = Suspected based on reproductive failure in sows, along with high mortality and CNS signs in piglets + confirmed by serology, PCR, and virus isolation; Serum neutralization, which is the standard test, requires 48 hours to complete.
Treatment = No specific treatment, but highly effective vaccines are available
Pseudorabies in dogs?
How do they contract it?
Clinical Signs?
Survival?
Contracted via direct contact with swine or eating contaminated, uncooked meat or by ingesting infected rats.
Clinical Signs - fever, vomiting, excessive salivation, severe itching, incoordination, and seizures.
Survival - dead end host, will typically die in 2-3 days.
