practice exams for exam 2 Flashcards
viruses:
a. Have an ultimate purpose of killing the host organism.
b. Simply want to replicate.
c. Produce toxins inside of cells.
d. Produce toxins outside of cells.
e. All of the above.
b
viruses are not considered living because:
a. All viruses are just too small.
b. They carry out metabolism only within living cells.
c. They only produce ATP within living cells.
d. They have no ribosomes.
e. All of the above.
D
capsomeres:
a. Are the protein units that make up the capsid.
b. Are building blocks for the viral nucleic acid.
c. Are required to make the viral envelope.
d. Are only found in lysogenized cells.
e. None of the above.
A
budding, when it refers to viruses, has to do with:
a. Replication of non-enveloped viruses.
b. Replication of enveloped viruses.
c. Replication of prophages.
d. Replication of bacteriophages.
e. Replication of the host bacterial cell.
B
clostridium botulinum produces a toxin because:
a. It contains an oncogenic virus.
b. It contains a prophage.
c. It has been lysed by a phage.
d. It contains an enveloped human virus.
e. None of the above.
B
the best way to prevent viral infection is:
a. To take a really hot shower because the heat will inactivate the virus.
b. Drink copious amounts of alcohol because the alcohol will denature the protein coat of the virus.
c. Get vaccinated if a vaccine is available.
d. Take antibiotics.
e. All of the above.
C
if you have a pet potato and you don’t want it to get sick, keep it away from:
a. Prions.
b. Viroids.
c. Flu virus.
d. HIV.
e. All of the above.
B
if you see a deer staggering around in the woods, you might want to avoid it because it may have:
a. Snapple.
b. Uluru.
c. Chronic Wasting Disease.
d. Sponge Bob Encephalopathy.
e. AIDS.
C
prions:
a. Are normal brain proteins.
b. Are altered brain proteins.
c. Are living cells too small to be seen even with an electron microscope.
d. Are normally spread by contaminated cantaloupes.
e. Can be destroyed by heating to 37oC.
B
the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose:
a. Is a spontaneous reaction.
b. Requires an enzyme to be a spontaneous reaction.
c. Requires ONLY a coenzyme to occur.
d. Requires ONLY an inorganic cofactor to occur.
e. None of the above.
A
ATP is the energy currency of living cells because:
a. Of all of the energy sources in a cell, it has the most amount of energy.
b. It is an efficient molecule for energy storage.
c. It has more energy than fat.
d. The amount of energy that it takes to make ATP is reasonable for the cell.
e. All of the above.
D
enzymes:
a. Are always proteins.
b. Catalyze ONLY spontaneous reactions.
c. Catalyze reactions that might take a year to occur on their own.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
D
enzyme activity:
a. Slows down at temperatures below the optimal temperature and speeds up at temperatures greater than optimal.
b. Slows down at temperatures greater than the optimal temperature and speeds up at temperatures below optimal.
c. Speeds up at temperatures below and greater than optimal temperature.
d. Slows down at temperatures below and greater than optimal temperature.
e. Is unaffected by temperature.
D
wild type E. coli does not require as a nutrient:
a. A carbon source.
b. A nitrogen source.
c. Certain inorganic ions.
d. Essential metabolites.
e. Water.
D
with respect to temperature, organisms that grow optimally at human body temp of 37 degrees celsius are referred to as
a. Psychrophiles.
b. Psychrotrophs.
c. Mesophiles.
d. Thermophiles.
e. Hyperthermophiles.
C
which statement is correct?
a. All living organisms produce superoxide and superoxide dismutase.
b. Humans, dogs and cats produce superoxide and superoxide dismutase.
c. Humans, dogs and cats produce superoxide, but not superoxide dismutase.
d. Humans, dogs and cats do not produce superoxide, but they do produce superoxide dismutase.
e. None of the above.
B
in which phases of growth are bacterial cells growing most rapidly
a. Lag phase only.
b. Log phase only.
c. Lag phase and log phase.
d. Stationary phase only.
e. Lag, log and stationary phases.
B
a microorganisms that is found in all alkaline environment
a. Should grow well in a neutral pH medium.
b. Should be transferred slowly to the neutral pH medium if it is expected to grow well.
c. Will probably die in the neutral pH medium.
d. Will remain in lag phase for a long time before going into log phase when placed in a neutral pH medium.
e. Will enter log phase immediately in a neutral pH medium because this type of medium is more favorable for growth.
C
which of these methods might count dead cells found in an original bacterial culture?
a. Direct Microscopic Count.
b. Direct Microscopic Count and Dilution and Plating.
c. Dilution and Plating and Turbidity Measurements.
d. Direct Microscopic Count, Dilution and Plating, and Turbidity Measurements.
e. None of these count dead cells.
A
proteins are not considered nutrients for a cell because:
a. They are simply too big to get into the cell.
b. They must be unfolded first and that takes too long.
c. They don’t contain any energy, so the cell cannot use them.
d. They contain nitrogen which will poison the cell.
e. All of the above.
A
nitrogen fixation
a. Occurs in some microorganisms.
b. Occurs in most plants.
c. Refers to the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
which statement is correct:
a. E.coli is a chemoheterotroph while most of the Archaea are chemoautotrophs.
b. E.coli is a chemoautotroph while most of the Archaea are chemoheterotrphs.
c. E.coli and most of the Archaea are chemoautotrophs.
d. E.coli and most of the Archaea are chemoheterotrophs.
e. E. coli and most of the Archaea do not need a carbon source.
A
the type of ATP generation where a phosphate is donated directly from an organic molecule is
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
c. Oxidative phosphorylation.
d. Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
e. Photophosphorylation.
A
one purpose of fermentation is
a. To oxidize pyruvic acid.
b. To reduce pyruvic acid.
c. To oxidize lactic acid.
d. To reduce lactic acid.
e. To reduce NADH
B
the oxidation of glucose ultimately to carbon dioxide is an example of
a. Anabolism.
b. Catabolism.
c. Chemiosmosis.
d. Proton motive force.
e. All of the above.
B
oxidative phosphorylation is directly associated with:
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
e. None of the above.
C
in biological oxidations, what is typically removed from a molecule?
a. Just electrons.
b. Just protons.
c. Just hydrogen ions.
d. Hydrogen atoms.
e. None of the above.
D
streptococcus typically carries out fermentation only because
a. It is killed by molecular oxygen.
b. Its method of fermentation generates more energy than respiration does in other organisms.
c. It is missing an enzyme in the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. It needs lactic acid as an energy source.
e. None of the above.
C
NAD+ is
a. A typical carbon source for chemoautotrophs.
b. An enzyme.
c. A coenzyme.
d. A final electron acceptor in respiration.
e. None of the above.
C
most of the CO2 released by an organism performing respiration is released in
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Krebs Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. Each of the above releases the same amount of CO2.
B
a major difference between fermentation and respiration is
a. Fermentation uses an inorganic electron acceptor.
b. Fermentation uses an organic final electron acceptor.
c. Fermentation uses molecular oxygen as its final electron acceptor.
d. Respiration only occurs in anaerobes.
e. Respiration only occurs in aerobes
B
we need molecular oxygen
a. To serve as a final electron acceptor and to be broken down for energy.
b. To serve as a final electron acceptor and for biosynthesis.
c. To be broken down for energy and for biosynthesis.
d. To serve as a final electron acceptor only.
e. To be broken down for energy only.
D
ATP synthase is involved in
a. Glycolysis
b. The Kreb’s Cycle
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
e. Fermentation
D
the proton motive force
a. Is the force of electrons going through the Electron Transport Chain.
b. Uses ATP to pump protons out of the cell.
c. Transports certain amino acids into the cell.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
the core pathways
a. Are used only in catabolism.
b. Are used only in anabolism.
c. Are glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. Are glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
e. Are chemiosmosis and the Proton Motive Force.
C
the poison cyanide interferes directly with
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. None of the above.
C
e. coli, in the presence of molecular oxygen and nitrate, predominantly carries out
a. Fermentation.
b. Aerobic respiration.
c. Anaerobic respiration.
d. Fermentation and aerobic respiration equally.
e. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration equally.
B
which of the following contains the most energy?
a. NADH
b. NAD+
c. O2
d. H2O
e. All of the above contain the same amount of energy.
A
fatty acids, which are break down product from fats, enter metabolism
a. Through ATP Synthase.
b. At the Electron Transport Chain.
c. In fermentation reactions.
d. In one of the core pathways.
e. All of the above.
D
what is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses anaerobic respiration
a. Most of its carbons are oxidized in the Kreb’s Cycle.
b. It is reduced to lactic acid.
c. It is catabolized in glycolysis.
d. It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.
e. It is ultimately reduced in the Kreb’s Cycle
A
which of the following statements is true?
a. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, therefore, they are alive.
b. Viruses are not cellular, so they are not considered to be alive.
c. Viruses are obviously alive because they replicate on their own.
d. Viruses produce toxins that result in disease.
e. Viruses are the smallest life forms.
B
which is not associated with a viral capsid
a. Protects nucleic acid
b. Receptor binding sites
c. Shape of the virus
d. Is composed of capsomeres
e. All of the above are associated with viral capsids.
E
viral envelopes
a. Are synthesized by the virus inside of the host cell.
b. Are synthesized by the virus outside of the host cell.
c. Are derived from the cell membrane of the host cell.
d. Are derived from the cell wall of the host cell.
e. None of the above.
C
when an animal DNA virus infects a cell
a. Uncoating takes place outside of the host cell.
b. DNA replication takes place inside of the host cell.
c. DNA replication takes place outside of the host cell.
d. The host cell never lyses.
e. The transcribed RNA integrates into the host cell chromosome
B
one thing that a bacteriophage normally does that an animal virus may or may not do is
a. Lyse the host cell.
b. Uncoat inside of the host cell.
c. Bud off from the host cell.
d. Assemble new viruses in the nucleus.
e. None of the above
A
lysogeny
a. Is the conversion of an animal cell to a cancerous cell.
b. Sometimes results in the host cell producing toxins.
c. Is limited to enveloped animal viruses.
d. Is another term for lysis of the host cell by a virus.
e. Happens with all bacteriophage.
B
If you were setting up an experiment on viruses, which of the following would be important to maintain the viruses used in the experiment?
a. Artificial nutrient medium for the virus
b. Light
c. Soil
d. Host cells
e. None of the above
D
an oncogenic virus
a. Is a cancer-causing animal virus.
b. Causes lysogeny in bacterial cells.
c. By definition, is an RNA virus.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
another name for mad cow disease is
a. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
b. Scrapie.
c. Potato tuber spindle disease.
d. Chronic wasting disease.
e. None of the above.
A
the model of how a prion works is that
a. The infectious protein builds up in between brain cells.
b. The infectious protein causes normal brain proteins to become altered.
c. The infectious protein causes a viroid to form in the brain.
d. The infectious protein starves the brain for oxygen.
e. None of the above.
B
enzymes
a. Will catalyze Pb to Au under the right conditions.
b. Only catalyze spontaneous reactions.
c. Are made of DNA and other nucleic acids.
d. Catalyze reactions until they are used up in the reactions.
e. Have relatively little specificity.
B
the factor that affects enzyme activity that would most likely denature the enzyme is
a. Substrate concentration.
b. Enzyme concentration.
c. Low temperature.
d. High temperature.
e. All of the above.
D
a B vitamin is an example of
a. An apoenzyme.
b. A coenzyme.
c. A cofactor.
d. A certain inorganic ion.
e. A source for nitrogen fixation.
B/C
whiich of the following is not considered a nutrient for a microorganism
a. Amino acid
b. Fatty acid
c. Protein
d. Sugar
e. All of the above are considered nutrients for a microorganism
C
which of the follwoing statements is true?
a. Molecular oxygen is used by some living organisms to synthesize proteins.
b. Molecular oxygen is broken down by some living organisms for energy.
c. Molecular oxygen is an electron acceptor in some living organisms.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above are true.
C
the optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely relate to the optimal temperature for
a. Spore formation.
b. Oxygen consumption.
c. Functioning of enzymes.
d. DNA mutation.
e. None of the above.
C
organisms that cannot produce superoxide dismutase are
a. Anaerobic.
b. Aerobic.
c. Facultative.
d. Rare.
e. None of the above.
A
the process whereby some microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into biologically utilizable compounds is called
a. Ammonification.
b. Nitrification.
c. Denitrification.
d. Nitrogen Fixation.
e. None of the above.
D
a microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube, what can this student correctly conclude?
a. The broth is sterile.
b. The organism cannot tolerate oxygen.
c. The organisms are aerobes.
d. The organisms should be put into a candle jar.
e. All of the above.
C
a disadvantage to the dilution and plating technique is
a. It counts living and dead cells.
b. It may not count aerobes buried in the agar.
c. It counts living colonies that contain dead cells.
d. A plate containing between 30 and 300 colonies never happens.
e. None of the above.
B
stationary growth phase is achieved because
a. Cells run out of nutrients and space.
b. Microbial cells are programmed to die after a certain number of divisions.
c. Cells run out of nutrients and end products build up.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above
C
direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP is called
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. Oxidative phosphorylation.
c. Photophosphorylation.
d. Photodephosphorylation.
e. Reductive phosphorylation.
A
when lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid, NADH is formed, the reaciton that forms NADH is
a. Oxidation.
b. Reduction.
c. Phosphorylation.
d. Dephosphorylation.
e. Phosphatase.
B
microorganisms found realtively deep below the surface of eath arre most liekly
a. Chemoheterotrophs.
b. Chemoautotrophs.
c. Photoheterotrophs.
d. Photoautotrophs.
e. Photochemotrophs.
B
organisms that are basically saprophytes (eat dead decaying matter) like humans are
a. Chemoheterotrophs.
b. Chemoautotrophs.
c. Photoheterotrophs
d. Photoautotrophs
e. Photochemotrophs.
A
which statement is true?
a. Glucose has less energy than pyruvic acid.
b. Glucose has the same amount of energy as pyruvic acid.
c. Glucose has the same amount of energy as two pyruvic acids.
d. Glucose has more energy than two pyruvic acids.
e. Glucose has less energy than two pyruvic acids.
D
what is transferred to NAD+ during the breakdown of glucose
a. Water
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Acetyl-CoA
d. Electrons
e. Phosphate
D
fermentation accomplishes
a. Getting rid of pyruvic acid.
b. Recycling FAD.
c. Providing lactic acid so the cell can break it down.
d. Recycling ADP.
e. None of the above.
A
what is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses anaerobic respiration
a. It is ultimately oxidized in the Kreb’s Cycle.
b. It is reduced to lactic acid.
c. It is catabolized in glycolysis.
d. It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.
e. It is reduced in the Kreb’s Cycle.
A
streptococcus, which lacks and enzyme in the Kreb’s cycle
a. Gets its energy from glycolysis.
b. Ferments lactic acid only.
c. Does not use an electron transport chain for energy production.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
D
In a test tube of medium constantly exposed to oxygen at the surface of the medium, E. coli, which can respire and ferment, forms some acidic fermentation products. This occurs because
a. The E. coli uses up the oxygen at the surface, then ferments.
b. E. coli gets the same amount of energy from respiration and fermentation.
c. Oxygen is being depleted at the bottom of the tube.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fermentation?
a. End products can include acids, gases and alcohols.
b. Does not require oxygen..
c. Occurs following glycolysis.
d. Utilizes pyruvic acid.
e. All of the above are characteristics of fermentation.
E
once pyruvic acid enters the fermentation reactions, the most important and direct product of fermentation that benefits the fermenting cell is
a. Electrons.
b. NAD+
c. Acids and alcohols.
d. FAD.
e. CO2.
B
the proton motive force is
a. The force of electrons moving through the electron transport chain.
b. The force that pushes protons to the outside of the bacterial cell membrane.
c. The force of light energy knocking an electron out of chlorophyll.
d. The force that attaches a phosphate to ADP in substrate-level. phosphorylation
e. None of the above.
E
phosphorylation
a. Is the removal of phosphate from a molecule.
b. Is the addition of phosphate to a molecule.
c. Always requires direct light energy.
d. Requires NADH.
e. None of the above.
B
which statement is true
a. Electrons on NADH have more energy than electrons that are transferred to oxygen.
b. Electrons on NADH have lass energy than electrons transferred to nitrate.
c. Electrons on NADH have less energy than electrons transferred to sulfate.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is an example of
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. Oxidation.
c. Oxidative phosphorylation.
d. Reduction.
e. None of the above.
D
ATP synthase
a. Is the site of oxidative phosphorylation.
b. Is a final electron acceptor.
c. Is the site of substrate-level phosphorylation.
d. Is an example of a coenzyme.
e. Is required for fermentation to occur.
A
which statement is true?
a. Lipids are broken down into glycerol and amino acids which enter the Core Pathways.
b. Sugars enter the Core Pathways at the Electron Transport Chain.
c. Amino acids enter the Core Pathways at glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
which statement is true?
a. Anabolism involves reduction reactions only.
b. Catabolism involves oxidation reactions only.
c. Catabolism involves oxidation reactions and reduction reactions.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
the correct sequence of events in an animal virus lytic infection
a. Attachment, uncoating, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release.
b. Attachment, uncoating, maturation, biosynthesis and release.
c. Uncoating, attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release.
d. Attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation and release.
e. None of the above.
D
viruses
a. Vary in shape and contain nucleic acid.
b. Are all icosahedral in shape and contain protein.
c. Contain both DNA and RNA together, a capsid, and an envelope.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
a viral envelope is acquired during which of the following steps
a. Penetration
b. Attachment
c. Uncoating
d. Release
e. None of the above
D
viruses are not considered living because
a. Even though they have cell membranes and ribosomes, they don’t produce proteins.
b. Their cytoplasm does not contain ribosomes.
c. They do not produce ATP or have ribosomes.
d. They are obligate intracellular parasites.
e. None of the above.
C
a disease caused by viroids is
a. Potato spindle tuber disease.
b. Fifth disease.
c. Kuru.
d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
e. Scrapie.
A
lysogenic conversion is
a. When a lysogenized cell goes into the lytic cycle.
b. When a lysogenized cell simply has a new characteristic.
c. The cause of some types of cancer.
d. A method to prevent viral infections in animals.
e. None of the above.
B
if you were setting up an experiment on viruses, which of the following would be important to maintain the viruses used in the experiment?
a. Host cells
b. Light
c. Soil
d. Artificial nutrient medium
e. A filter
A
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
a. Is the same thing as Fifth Disease.
b. Is caused by a DNA virus.
c. Is caused by an RNA virus
d. Is caused by a viroid.
e. Is none of the above.
E
oncogenic viruses
a. Only infect bacteria.
b. Are the only viruses that can cause lysogeny.
c. Cause some forms of cancer.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
which statement is true?
a. If an enzyme is present under the proper conditions, lead can be converted to gold.
b. All enzymes require either a coenzyme or a cofactor.
c. All enzymes only catalyze spontaneous reactions.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
enzyme activity is influenced by
a. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration.
b. Substrate concentration, enzyme concentration and pH.
c. Substrate concentration, acidity & alkalinity and temperature.
d. Radiation, drying, freezing, temperature and toxic chemicals.
e. None of the above.
C
which of the following are nutrients for bacteria?
a. Glucose, proteins and certain inorganic ions.
b. Amino acids, starch and water.
c. Amino acids, ammonium ion, glucose.
d. Some vitamins and proteins.
e. Glucose, some vitamins and proteins.
C
nitrogen fixation
a. Someday might put a dent into the world hunger problem.
b. Occurs in many plants.
c. Refers to the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
superoxide dismutase
a. Is found in all animals.
b. Is found in all plants.
c. Is found in some bacteria.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
D
the optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely related to the optimal temperature for
a. Translation of DNA
b. Protein replication
c. Functioning of enzymes
d. Endospore replication
e. None of the above.
C
a microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughotu the rest of the tube, what can this student correctly conclude?
a. The organisms are aerobes
b. The organisms cannot tolerate oxygen
c. The broth is sterile
d. The organisms should be put in a candle jar.
e. The organisms cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.
B
a microorganism that prefers a temperature around 20C, but can cause serious food spoilage at refrigeration temperatures is referred to as a
a. Psychrophile.
b. Psychrotroph.
c. Mesophile.
d. Thermophile.
e. Hyperthermophile.
A
the quickest and most convenient methods to measure bacterial growth is
a. Direct microscopic count.
b. Dilution and plating.
c. Turbidity measurement.
d. Mass spectroscopy.
e. Electron microscopy.
C
one possible drawback to using the direct microscopic count is
a. You are counting dead and living cells.
b. Cells hiding behind other cells will not be counted.
c. Only aerobic cells will be counted.
d. Only anaerobic cells will be counted.
e. Cells don’t like being looked at directly.
A
the phase of growth where cells are adjusting to the growth conditions is the
a. Lag phase.
b. Log phase.
c. Stationary phase.
d. Death phase.
e. Liquid phase.
A
metabolism is made up of how many chemical reactions?
a. 100 – 200
b. 1,000 – 2,000
c. 10,000 – 20,000
d. 100,000 – 200,000
e. 1,000,000 – 2,000,000
B
oxidation in biological systems typically
a. Removes electrons only.
b. Adds electrons only.
c. Removes hydrogen atoms.
d. Adds hydrogen atoms.
e. Removes and adds protons only.
C
which describes a microorganism that can “eat” sulfur
a. Photoautotroph
b. Photoheterotroph
c. Chemoautotroph
d. Chemoheterotroph
e. None of the above
C
bacteria that require organic carbon and photosynthesize are
a. Photoautotrophs.
b. Photoheterotrophs.
c. Chemoautotrophs.
d. Chemoheterotrophs.
e. None of the above.
B
the majority of organisms on planet Earth are most likely
a. Photoautotrophs.
b. Photoheterotrophs.
c. Chemoautotrophs.
d. Chemoheterotrophs.
e. Photochemotrophs.
C
humans and E. coli are
a. Photoautotrophs.
b. Photoheterotrophs.
c. Chemoautotrophs.
d. Chemoheterotrophs.
e. Photochemotrophs.
D
the type of ATP generation where the source of the phosphate is an organic molecule is referred to as
a. Photophosphorylation.
b. Oxidative phosphorylation.
c. Fermentative phosphorylation.
d. Respiratory phosphorylation.
e. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
E
during respiration, the majority of reduced carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized to carbon dioxide in
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. The Fermentation Pathways.
e. Chemiosmosis.
B
an organism such as streptococcus that is missing an enzyme in the Kreb’s cycle typically carries out
a. Fermentation.
b. Aerobic respiration.
c. Anaerobic respiration.
d. Electron transport.
e. None of the above.
A
what is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration?
a. It is reduced to lactic acid.
b. It is oxidized in the Kreb’s Cycle.
c. It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.
d. It is catabolized in glycolysis.
e. It is reduced in the Kreb’s Cycle.
B
which is true about fermentation?
a. It allows for recycling of NAD+ and produces pyruvate.
b. It produces NADH and pyruvate.
c. It produces NADH and gets rid of pyruvate.
d. It allows for production of NAD+ and gets rid of pyruvate.
e. None of the above.
D
which produces the most ATP?
a. Glycolysis
b. Fermentation
c. Aerobic respiration
d. Anaerobic respiration
e. Kreb’s Cycle
C
phosphorylation
a. Is the removal of phosphate from a molecule.
b. Is the addition of phosphate to a molecule.
c. Always requires direct light energy.
d. Always requires NADH.
e. None of the above.
B
which statement is correct?
a. The proton motive force is used only to make ATP.
b. The proton motive force is also used to do work by the cell.
c. The proton motive force is used by all known life forms.
d. The proton motive force generates less ATP than glycolysis.
e. None of the above
B
chemiosmosis
a. Relies on an intact membrane.
b. Only occurs in fermentation.
c. Uses fermentation products for reversed glycolysis.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
NADH
a. Has the same amount of energy as reduced oxygen (H2O).
b. Has less energy than reduced oxygen (H2O).
c. Has more energy than reduced oxygen (H2O).
d. Is not involved in biological oxidation-reduction reactions.
e. None of the above.
C
a bacterium that can use O2, nitrate, or pyruvate as a final electron acceptor will probably perform which of the following under aerobic conditions?
a. Fermentation
b. Aerobic respiration
c. Anaerobic respiration
d. Reversed respiration
e. None of the above.
B
the organic breakdown products of lipids eventually end up in
a. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
b. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and chemiosmosis.
c. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the proton motive force.
d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle, chemiosmosis and the proton motive force.
e. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
E
building blocks for biosynthesis come from
a. The Core Pathways.
b. The Electron Transport Chain.
c. Chemiosmosis.
d. Proton motive force.
e. None of the above.
A
which statement is correct?
a. All fermentating bacteria are strict anaerobes by definition.
b. All fermentating bacteria are strict aerobes by definition.
c. Some fermenting bacteria can only produce one fermentation product.
d. If a bacterium is fermenting, it always produces lactic acid as one of its fermentation products.
e. None of the above.
C
the most basic definition of a virus would be
a. Nucleic acid, protein coat, cell membrane and envelope.
b. Envelope and protein coat.
c. Envelope and nucleic acid.
d. Protein coat and nucleic acid.
e. Cell membrane and nucleic acid.
D
viruses are not considered living because
a. They have no metabolism and don’t reproduce.
b. They have no ribosomes and don’t reproduce.
c. They are not cells and don’t reproduce.
d. They have no metabolism and no ribosomes.
e. They are cells, but have no metabolism and no ribosomes.
D
what would be the first step in any viral infection?
a. Penetration.
b. Uncoating.
c. Attachment.
d. Multiplication.
e. Release.
C
lysogenic conversion
a. Is what oncogenic viruses do.
b. Is responsible for Clostridium botulinum being pathogenic.
c. Means that the lysogenized cell goes back into the lytic cycle.
d. Simply means that the cell lyses.
e. All of the above.
B
viruses
a. Produce exotoxins that kill the host cell.
b. Can induce the immune system to produce fever.
c. Are always killed by the immune response before causing serious damage.
d. Are prokaryotes.
e. Are eukaryotes.
B
all viruses
a. Are simple in shape, such as spherical.
b. Contain DNA and RNA.
c. Contain an envelope.
d. Reproduce inside of host cells.
e. All of the above.
D
budding, as it refers to viruses, has to do with
a. Production of capsomeres.
b. Formation of an envelope.
c. Replication of the nucleic acid.
d. Assembly of the capsid.
e. Attachment to a host cell.
B
diseases caused by prions include
a. Scrapie and potato spindle tuber disease.
b. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
c. Kuru and gas gangrene.
d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and inhalation anthrax.
e. All of the above.
B
the reason we do not use enzymes to convert lead to gold is because
a. The enzymes would be more expensive than the gold’s value.
b. Gold is organic and lead is not.
c. This conversion is not spontaneous.
d. It would be against the law.
e. All of the above.
C
phospholenolpyruvate is not the energy currency of living cells because
a. With twice the energy of ATP, the heat released would kill the cell.
b. No cell has enough energy to make phosphoenolpyruvate.
c. Phosphoenolpyruvate is actually the major storage molecule for energy in living cells.
d. It requires too much energy to make phosphoenolpyruvate.
e. All of the above.
D
enzymes
a. Are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes.
b. Always have some RNA as a component, thus, they are all ribozymes as well.
c. All require a cofactor.
d. Catalyze slow spontaneous reactions and fast non-spontaneous reactions.
e. All of the above.
A
which nutrient categories include amino acids?
a. Carbon and nitrogen sources only.
b. Nitrogen and certain inorganic ions only.
c. Essential metabolites and carbon source only.
d. Essential metabolites, carbon and nitrogen sources.
e. Essential metabolites, carbon and nitrogen sources, and certain inorganic ions.
D
molecular oxygen is not listed in a required nutrient category because
a. All cells are actually facultative anaerobes, so they really don’t need oxygen.
b. Molecular oxygen is not broken down for energy or directly utilized for biosynthetic reactions.
c. Molecular oxygen is only used by plants in photosynthesis.
d. Molecular oxygen is an electron donor in non-photosynthetic organisms.
e. All of the above.
B
nitrogen fixation
a. Is the direct utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by living organisms.
b. Is partly responsible for the worldwide hunger problem.
c. Is found only in eukaryotes.
d. Is the repair of a broken nitrogen molecule.
e. All of the above.
A
proteins are not considered nutrients for a cell because
a. They are simply too big to get into the cell.
b. They must be unfolded first and that takes too long.
c. They don’t contain any energy, so the cell cannot use them.
d. They contain nitrogen which will poison the cell.
e. All of the above.
A
organisms that would grow well in hot springs are referred to as
a. Psychrotrophs.
b. Mesophiles.
c. Thermophiles.
d. Hyperthermophiles.
e. Psychrophiles.
D
we survive in the presence of molecular oxygen because
a. We use up all of the oxygen before it can become harmful.
b. We actually rust on the inside until we die.
c. We produce superoxide.
d. We produce carbon monoxide.
e. We produce superoxide dismutase
E
some of the factors that affect enzyme activity are
a. Temperature and cofactor activation.
b. Substrate concentration and cofactor activation.
c. pH and cofactor activation.
d. Substrate concentration and temperature.
e. None of the above.
D
a bacterium with an optimal growth temperature of 37
a. Will probably die at 20oC.
b. Will probably grow more slowly at 20oC.
c. Will probably grow more slowly at 65oC.
d. Will probably grow more rapidly at 65oC.
e. None of the above.
B
a microorganism that is found in an acidic mine
a. Should grow well in a neutral pH medium.
b. Should be transferred slowly to the neutral pH medium if it is expected to grow well.
c. Will probably die in the neutral pH medium.
d. Will remain in lag phase for a long time before going into log phase when placed in a neutral pH medium.
e. Will enter log phase immediately in a neutral pH medium because this type of medium is more favorable for growth.
C
the optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely related to the optimal temperature for
a. Osmosis.
b. Protein replication.
c. Functioning of enzymes.
d. Endospore replication.
e. None of the above.
C
which method does NOT count strictly anaerobic living cells
a. Direct microscopic count.
b. Pour plate method of dilution and plating.
c. Spread plate method of dilution and plating.
d. Turbidity measurements.
e. None of the above.
C
cells enter the stationary phase of growth because
a. They have run out of nutrients and space.
b. They have run out of nutrients and space, and there may be toxic by-products.
c. They have run out of nutrients and there may be toxic by-products.
d. They have run out of space and there may be toxic by-products.
e. None of the above.
C
conceivably, the most common type of life on our planet that can “eat” organic compounds for energy would be called a
a. Chemoheterotroph.
b. Chemoautotroph.
c. Photoheterotroph.
d. Photoautotroph.
e. None of the above.
B
chaim weizmann
a. Made a discovery with Clostridium that supposedly influenced the outcome of World War 1.
b. Discovered chemiosmosis.
c. Was the first President of Egypt.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
respiration and fermentation differ in
a. The starting substrate and end products.
b. The starting substrate, the end products, and the amount of energy harvested.
c. The end products and the amount of energy harvested.
d. The starting substrate and the amount of energy harvested.
e. None of the above.
C
NADH is
a. A coenzyme and electron donor.
b. An inorganic cofactor and electron donor.
c. A coenzyme and electron acceptor.
d. An inorganic cofactor and electron acceptor.
e. An enzyme.
A
in prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is found in the
a. Cytoplasm.
b. Nucleoid.
c. Ribosomes.
d. Cell membrane.
e. Cell wall.
D
final electron acceptors in fermentation include
a. Molecular oxygen only.
b. Nitrate or sulfate only.
c. Pyruvate only.
d. Nitrate, sulfate or molecular oxygen.
e. Nitrate, sulfate, molecular oxygen or pyruvate
C
the COMPLETE oxidation of glucose results in
a. Pyruvate.
b. Acetyl CoA.
c. Pyruvate and acetyl CoA.
d. CO2.
e. CO2, ATP and acetyl-CoA.
D
which of the following contains the most energy?
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvate
c. NADH
d. H2O
e. All of the above contain the same amount of energy.
A
in biological oxidations, what is typically removed from a molecule
a. Just electrons.
b. Just protons.
c. Hydrogen ions.
d. Hydrogen atoms.
e. None of the above
D
an organism that is reducing pyruvic acid only is
a. A strict aerobe.
b. Carrying out fermentation.
c. Carrying out anaerobic respiration.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
B
anaerobic respiration
a. A strict aerobe.
b. Carrying out fermentation.
c. Carrying out anaerobic respiration.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
D
cyanide causes inhibition in
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle
c. The electron transport chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. None of the above.
C
the proton motive force
a. Is the force of electrons going through the electron transport chain.
b. Can be used to bring certain amino acids into the cell.
c. Is associated with fermentation and respiration.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
B
substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
a. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
b. Glycolysis and the electron transport chain.
c. The Kreb’s Cycle and the electron transport chain.
d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the electron transport chain.
e. None of the above.
A
which statement is correct
a. The energy to drive protons into the bacterial cell through the cell membrane comes from ATP.
b. The energy to drive protons out through the bacterial cell membrane comes from electrons.
c. The proton motive force is found in the Core Pathways.
d. The proton motive force is used for all oxidation-reduction reactions in the cell.
e. All of the above.
B
the organic breakdown products of lipids eventually end up in
a. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the electron transport chain.
b. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and chemiosmosis.
c. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the proton motive force.
d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle, chemiosmosis and the proton motive force.
e. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
E
building blocks for biosynthesis come from
a. The Core Pathways.
b. The electron transport chain.
c. Chemiosmosis.
d. Proton motive force.
e. All of the above.
A
viruses are not considered living because
a. They contain no genetic material.
b. They are not infectious.
c. They have no mechanism to generate ATP.
d. Their cell size is just too small.
e. All of the above.
C
the negative effects of viruses on an animal host are usually associate with
a. Effects of the immune system and/or cell lysis following replication.
b. Effects of the immune system and/or cell lysis due to viral toxins.
c. Cell lysis due to viral toxins and following replication.
d. Lysogeny of the host cells.
e. All of the above may cause the effects seen.
A
oncogenic viruses
a. Are bacteriophage, by definition.
b. Cause lysogenic conversion in animal cells.
c. Can cause cancer in some animal cells.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
C
the most effective way to prevent viral disease is to
a. Take antibiotics.
b. Get vaccinated.
c. Take antiviral drugs before the virus infects.
d. All of the above are equally effective.
e. None of the above work.
B
what would be the first step in any viral infection
a. Penetration.
b. Uncoating.
c. Attachment.
d. Multiplication.
e. Release.
C
which might be used to classify viruses?
a. Presence or absence of an envelope.
b. Gram stain reaction.
c. Intracellular vs. extracellular.
d. Respiratory vs. fermentative.
e. All of the above.
A
the bacteria that produce botulinym toxin, scarlet fever toxin and diptheria tozin all contain a
a. Animal virus.
b. Plant virus.
c. Prophage.
d. Toxin-producing virus.
e. Prion.
C
viroids are responsible for
a. Hemorrhoids.
b. Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease.
c. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
d. Potato Spindle Tuber Disease.
e. All of the above.
D
a disease specifically associated with the eating of dead relatives’ brains in certain African tribes is
a. African Sleeping Sickness.
b. Kuru.
c. Potato Spindle Tuber Disease.
d. Happy Cow Disease.
e. Polio.
B
budding with respect to viruses has to do with
a. Formation of the capsid.
b. Replication of the nucleic acid.
c. Uncoating of the virus.
d. Lysogenic conversion.
e. Formation of the envelope.
E
prions
a. Are altered versions of a normal brain cell protein.
b. Infect cells in the same manner as viruses.
c. Insert into the DNA of brain cells.
d. Are very contagious, so you should avoid contact with infected individuals.
e. All of the above.
A
why can’t we convert lead to gold with the help of an enzyme?
a. The enzyme would have to be inorganic just like the lead and gold.
b. It would be against international law.
c. The coenzymes would be too expensive.
d. The reaction is not spontaneous.
e. We actually can do it, but it is a big secret. Don’t tell anyone.
D
B vitamins are an example of
a. Inorganic cofactors.
b. Coenzymes.
c. Carbohydrate energy sources.
d. Amino acid nitrogen sources.
e. All of the above.
B
factors that affect enzyme activity include
a. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration.
b. pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration.
c. Temperature, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration.
d. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration.
e. Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration.
D
why isn’t PEP with twice the energy of ATP the energy currency of the cell?
a. It requires too much energy to make it.
b. It cannot be used to make ATP.
c. It is not part of the metabolism of any cell.
d. It is just too big to get into a cell.
e. None of the above.
A
we can survive in the presence of molecular oxygen because
a. Sometimes it acts as an electron donor.
b. We produce superoxide.
c. We need it for its energy content.
d. We produce superoxide dismutase.
e. All of the above.
D
proteins are not considered nutrients for a cell because
a. They are simply too big to get into the cell.
b. They must be unfolded first and that takes too long.
c. They don’t contain any energy, so the cell cannot use them.
d. They contain nitrogen which will poison the cell.
e. All of the above.
A
bacteria reproduce by
a. Binary fission and mitosis.
b. Binary fission, mitosis and meiosis.
c. Binary fission only.
d. Mitosis only.
e. Meiosis only.
C
nitrogen fixation
a. Someday might put a dent into the world hunger problem.
b. Occurs in most plants.
c. Refers to the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
a microorganism that is found in an acidic mine
a. Should grow well in a neutral pH medium.
b. Should be transferred slowly to the neutral pH medium if it is expected to grow well.
c. Will probably die in the neutral pH medium.
d. Will remain in lag phase for a long time before going into log phase when placed in a neutral pH medium.
e. Will enter log phase immediately in a neutral pH medium because this type of medium is more favorable for growth.
C
which statement is correct?
a. Placing a mesophile at a hyperthermophilic temperature will probably kill it.
b. Placing a hyperthermophile at a mesophilic temperature will probably kill it.
c. Placing a mesophile at a hyperthermophilic temperature will probably have the same effect as placing a hyperthermophile at a mesophilic temperature.
d. Placing a mesophile at a hyperthermophilic temperature and placing a hyperthermophile at a mesophilic temperature will not affect the organisms.
e. None of the above
A
in which phase of the microbial growth curve do microbial deaths balance production of new cells
a. Lag phase.
b. Log phase.
c. Stationary phase.
d. Death phase.
e. All of the above.
C
which describes a microorganism that can use the inorganic compound, hydrogen sulfide as an energy source
a. Photoautotroph
b. Photoheterotroph
c. Chemoautotroph
d. Chemoheterotroph
e. Chemophototroph
C
what are the most important products of fermentation
a. Pyruvic acid and NADH
b. Pyruvic acid and NAD+
c. Fermentation end products and NADH
d. Fermentation end products and NAD+
e. All of the above are important products of fermentation.
D
most of the CO2 released by an organism performing respiration is released in
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Krebs Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Chemiosmosis.
e. Fermentation.
B
an organism that can use the Kreb’s cycle and can make fermentation products
a. Performs aerobic respiration only.
b. Performs anaerobic respiration only.
c. Is most likely strictly aerobic.
d. Is most likely strictly anaerobic.
e. Is most likely a facultative anaerobe.
E
streptococcus is missing an enzyme in the Kreb’s cycle; it carries out
a. Aerobic respiration only.
b. Anaerobic respiration only.
c. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
d. Fermentation only.
e. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
D
which bacterium made chaim weizmann famous
a. Streptococcus
b. Clostridium
c. Saccharomyces
d. Propionibacterium
e. Escherichia
B
which methods of phosporylation require electron transport chain
a. Substrate-level and oxidative
b. Substrate-level and photo-
c. Oxidative and photo-
d. Substrate-level, oxidative and photo-
e. Substrate-level only
C
a major difference between fermentation and respiration is
a. Fermentation uses an inorganic electron acceptor.
b. Fermentation uses an organic final electron acceptor.
c. Fermentation uses molecular oxygen as its final electron acceptor.
d. Respiration only occurs in anaerobes.
e. Respiration only occurs in aerobes.
B
we need molecular oxygen
a. To serve as a final electron acceptor and to be broken down for energy.
b. To serve as a final electron acceptor and for biosynthesis.
c. To be broken down for energy and for biosynthesis.
d. To serve as a final electron acceptor only.
e. To be broken down for energy only
D
which organism, that we discussed in class, can respire aerobically and anaerobically, and carry out fermentation?
a. E. coli
b. Homo sapiens
c. A yeast
d. All of the above
e. None of above
A
in biological oxidations, what is typically removed from a molecule
a. Just electrons.
b. Just protons.
c. Just hydrogen ions.
d. Hydrogen atoms.
e. None of the above.
D
which of the following is a reduction reactino
a. NADH NAD+
b. Glucose pyruvic acid
c. Pyruvic acid lactic acid
d. Lactic acid pyruvic acid
e. None of the above
C
which of the following occur in the bacterial cell membrane
a. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle
b. Glycolysis and the Electron Transport Chain
c. The Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
d. The Kreb’s Cycle only.
e. The Electron Transport Chain only
E
which of following contains the most amount of energy
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvic acid
c. Lactic acid
d. NADH
e. H2O
A
ATP synthase is involved in
a. Glycolysis
b. The Kreb’s Cycle
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
e. Fermentation
D
the proton motive force
a. Requires an intact cell membrane.
b. Uses ATP to pump protons out of the cell.
c. Transports certain amino acids out of the cell.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
A
the core pathways
a. Are used only in catabolism.
b. Are used only in anabolism.
c. Are glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. Are glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
e. Are chemiosmosis and the Proton Motive Force.
C
the poison, cyanide, interferes with
a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. None of the above.
C
