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exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is natural science?

A

study of the natural world

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2
Q

steps of the scientific method

A
  • observe some aspect of the natural world
  • come up with a tentative answer called a hypothesis, use to make predictions
  • test those predictions by experimentation or further observation and modify the hypothesis in light of the results
  • when consistency is obtained between hypothesis and experiments/observations, the hypothesis becomes a theory
  • law
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3
Q

what is a theory

A

framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made

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4
Q

ockham’s razor

A

the simplest theory is probably the correct one, without adding assumptions

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5
Q

what is microbiology

A

study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

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6
Q

what are the branches of microbiology

A

mycology, bacteriology, virology, algology, protozology

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7
Q

mycology

A

study of mushrooms and fungus

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8
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

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9
Q

protozology

A

study of protozoa

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10
Q

algology

A

study of algae

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11
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

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12
Q

when did the science of microbiology begin

A

1665

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13
Q

robert hooke

A

first observation of cells through cork; cell theory

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14
Q

edward jenner

A

first vaccine in 1798

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15
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A

first observations of live microorganisms

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16
Q

louis pasteur

A

observed fermentation and determined that it occurred because of microorganisms

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17
Q

what did pasteur’s experiment do?

A

disproved spontaneous generation

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18
Q

pasteur’s experiment

A
  • poured beef broth into a long necked flask (MOs were present in the broth)
  • he heated the neck of the flask and bent it into an S shape (MOs were not present)
  • MOs did not appear in the cooled solution, even after long periods (bend prevented microbes from entering the flask)
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19
Q

how was pasteur lucky?

A

no endospores were present in the meat broth (they were heat resistant)

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20
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  • same pathogen must be present in every case of a disease
  • the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  • the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
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21
Q

what are koch’s postulates

A

rules that must be followed to determine if a specific organism causes a specific disease

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22
Q

exceptions to koch’s postulates

A
  • treponema pallidum (cannot be grown in pure culture)
  • HIV (cannot be inoculated into a human)
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23
Q

what is life (def)

A
  • cellular
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • contains DNA and RNA
  • contains ribosomes
  • contains catalyst
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24
Q

domains of the three domain system

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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25
Q

bacteria (3 domain example)

A

e coli

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26
Q

archaea (3 domain example)

A

one of the oldest groups, most of the organisms on earth are archaea

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27
Q

eukarya

A

humans, true nucleus

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28
Q

how big are cells

A

eukaryotes - 10-100 uM
prokaryotes - 0.2-2 uM
mycoplasma - 0.2 uM

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29
Q

how big are viruses

A

0.02-0.3 uM

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30
Q

how much bigger is an average eukaryotic cell than an average prokaryotic cell with respect to volume?

A

about 1000 times bigger

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31
Q

how much bigger is the average eukaryote than the average virus

A

1000000 times bigger

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32
Q

what is the prokaryotic exception (it is bigger than eukaryotes)

A

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

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33
Q

what do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

A

membrane bound organelles, nucleus

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34
Q

what are the things that are always present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleoid containing DNA

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35
Q

what carries out the functions that would normally be associated with the organelles of a eukaryote?

A

cell membrane

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36
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be prokaryotes
- evidence: both organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those in prokaryotes

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37
Q

main 3 shapes of prokaryotes

A

bacilli, coccus, spiral

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38
Q

arrangements of cocci

A

diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci

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39
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria, most common, single bacillus, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, coccobacillus

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40
Q

spiral bacteria

A

spiral shaped, vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete

41
Q

pilus/pili

A

sex pili, used for transfer of genetic material in prokaryotes

42
Q

fimbira/fimbriae

A

used for attachment
example: e. coli, if it has fimbirae, it can attach and cause disease like UTIs

43
Q

capsule

A

extracellular material usually made of polysaccharide, used for attachment
example: streptococcus pneumoniae can only cause disease with a capsule, capsule allows it to evade the immune system

44
Q

what are the structures that are always present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, cell membrane

44
Q

flagellum

A

used for motility, some cells can have more than one

45
Q

plasmid

A

extrachromosomal genetic material; always made of double stranded DNA, usually circular, not always

46
Q

cytoplasm

A

“guts” of the cell

47
Q

nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome; has no nuclear membrane, usually single, circular, and haploid (but not always)
ALWAYS made of double stranded DNA

48
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, 70S and 80S, many antibiotics can affect the 70S ribosome activity

49
Q

70S vs 80S

A

70S are in prokaryotes, 80S are in eukaryotes, the S indicates size, 70S are smaller

50
Q

cell membrane

A

barrier that separates inside of cell from outside, made of proteins and liquids, more liquid than solid (phospholipids want to keep water out)

51
Q

how much protein is in the cell membrane

A

about 70% protein in the cell membrane, 30% lipid

52
Q

cell wall

A

usually present with few exceptions

53
Q

gram stain procedure

A

crystal violet, iodine, decolorize with alcohol, counterstain with safranin

54
Q

gram negative

A

purple stain will wash out, gram negative will be clear

55
Q

gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan

56
Q

functions of the cell wall

A

shapes the cell, prevents osmotic lysis (from hypotonic)

57
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out of the cell, higher concentration outside

58
Q

hypotonic

A

water moves in, higher concentration inside

59
Q

endospores

A

most resistant forms of life

60
Q

how do endospores form?

A

by sporulation, spore septum isolates replicated DNA and small portion of cytoplasm, peptidoglycan forms between membranes, rest of cell dies, endospore is freed

61
Q

bacillus (respiration type)

A

aerobic

62
Q

clostridium

A

anaerobic respiration, usually prokaryote

63
Q

what are endospores resistant to? (5 things)

A

high temperature, toxic chemicals, desiccation, radiation, low temperature

64
Q

disease causing endospore-forming bacteria

A

bacillus anthracis, clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum

65
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

causes anthrax, wool sorters disease (inhalation anthrax), can be used as a bioweapon

66
Q

clostridium perfringens (anaerobic)

A

gas gangrene (endospores can get into a wound and eat the tissue)

67
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetanus (lockjaw); third deadliest toxin known

68
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

botulism food poisoning; botox (very diluted), deadliest toxin known; ex: do not feed raw honey to infants because of possibility that these endospores are present

69
Q

what is the second deadliest toxin?

A

diptheria toxin

70
Q

atypical bacteria

A

rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, actinomycetes

71
Q

rickettsiae

A

obligate intracellular parasites, rocky mountain spotted fever, spread by ticks

72
Q

chlamydiae

A
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • trachoma
  • number 1 STD
  • spread by direct human contact
73
Q

mycoplasmas

A

no cell walls, smallest known living cells

74
Q

actinomycetes

A
  • mold like in appearance (this makes it atypical)
  • streptomyces produce antibiotics
75
Q

major differences between bacteria and archaea

A
  • bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls, archaea do not
  • bacteria have ESTER linkages in cell membrane lipids, archaea have ETHER linkages,
76
Q

eukaryotic microorganisms

A

fungi, protozoa, algae

77
Q

fungi includes (2 things)

A

mold, yeast

78
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

either sexually through spores, or asexually

79
Q

spores v. endospores

A

endospores only purpose is survival, spores only purpose is reproduction

80
Q

budding in yeast

A

a bud forms on an existing yeast and forms a completely new cell

81
Q

differences between mold and yeast

A
  • most molds are multicellular and aerobic
  • yeasts are single celled and facultative anaerobes
82
Q

what are factulative anaerobes?

A

they can grow either in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of it

83
Q

what are other importances of fungi? (4 things)

A

diseases, foods, antibiotics, drugs

84
Q

slime molds

A

moving blobs, moves like a protozoa, forms spores like fungi, important in the decay process

85
Q

how are protozoa classified?

A

based on their motility structures

86
Q

3 classifications of protozoa

A

pseudopodia, flagella, cilia

87
Q

euglena

A

autotrophs, have flagella and are photosynthetic

88
Q

cilia

A

present in eukaryotes only, prokaryotes do NOT have cilia

89
Q

two types of cytoplasm

A

ectoplasm, endoplasm

90
Q

ectoplasm

A

outer most cytoplasm

91
Q

endoplasm

A

inner most cytoplasm

92
Q

what are the importances of protozoa?

A

food chain, diseases

93
Q

protozoa role in the food chain

A

if they did not exist, the food chain would be completely disrupted and advanced life would not function

94
Q

protozoan diseases

A

malaria, amoebic dysentery

95
Q

why are fungal and protozoal diseases so difficult to treat?

A

they are eukaryotes just like us, it is hard to treat something that is the same type of cell as us

96
Q

algae

A

organisms that perform oxygen evolving photosynthesis and possess chloroplasts; used to make agar

97
Q

algae diseases

A

very few, paralytic shellfish poisoning associated with red tide areas

microbiology (7 decks)

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