exam 4 Flashcards
the body’s first line of defense is
intact skin, mucous membrane and normal microbiota
the body’s second line of defense is
white blood cells, infalmmation, fever, and antimicrobials
third line of defense of the body
specialized lymphocytes like T and B cells
humoral and cellular immunity are what kind of immunity?
specific immunity
neutrophils are the precursor to..
macrophages
two major phagocytic cells are
macrophages and neutrophils
immunity
ability to ward off disease
susceptibility
lack of resistance to a disease
innate immunity
defenses against any pathogen, rapid and present at birth
adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen, slower to respond
what is phagocytosis
engulfing and digestion of the invading pathogen
chemotaxis
chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
adherence
attachments of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
ingestion
opsonization; microorgansism is coated with serum proteins that make ingestion easier
digestion
microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome
what is a lysosome
a membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes
mechanism of killing reaction
H2O2 and myeloperoxidase and Cl- creates hypochlorite which is deadly
hypochlorite is also the active ingredient in…
bleach
chronic granulomatous disease
genetic disorder where the phagocytic cell is unable to make H2O2, leading to repeated bacterial infections
mycobacterium tuberculosis is the exception because..
it lives in the phagoytic cell and cannot be killed by it
fever
part of the second line of defense, non specific resistance
what can cause a fever
gram negative, exotoxins, viruses
endotoxins induce the macrophage to produce what?
IL-1 and TNF-alpha
how does the body raise its temperature
chills and kinetic energy
what is the complement system?
the proteins in the blood that are produced by liver to produce microbes
interferons
non specific cytokines that interfere with viral replication
IFN alpha and beta
produced by cells in response to viral infections causing neighboring cells to produce antiviral protiens
IFN-y
causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
transferrin
found in blood and tissue fluids
lactoferrin
found in milk, saliva, and mucus
ferritin
found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
hemoglobin
located in red blood cells
why do bacteria produce siderophores
to compete with iron binding proteins
antimicroboial peptides
produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes
specific immunity
resistance to a specific invader; body will react to non self but NOT self
humoral immunity produces what
antibodies
cell mediated immunity does what?
protects us from cancer
antigen
foreign material that induces immune response
antigen properties
foreign to host
reasonably large
antibodies
protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen, which once is formed combines with the antigen
antigens are also called
immunoglobulins
adaptive immunity
specific immunity that targets a specific pathogen
how is adaptive immunity acquired
through infection or vaccination
primary response
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
secondary response
later interactions with the same foreign substance, faster and more effective due to memory
epitopes
chemical groups within an antigen that arre not large enough to be antigens by themselves
can epitopes induce an immune response?
no
IgG
most common in the serum, fixes complement, passes placenta
IgM
fixes complement
IgA
secretory
IgE
allergies
haptens
cannot cause a new response by themselves
hapten carrier conjugate
the body will recognize this as not self, causes humoral immune repsonse
where are MHC located
on the b cells
class I MHC
found on cell membranes of mammalian cells, self cellular immunity
class II MHC
exist only on surface of antigen presenting cells
anamnestic response
any response to an antigen after the primary response
due to memory B cells
artifical passive immunity
can cause serum sickness side effect
antisera
preformed antibodies
humoral reactions
anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immune complex
cell mediated reactions
type IV delayed cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity
what do allergy shots do?
induce production of blocking antibody (IgG)
can hemolytic disease kill the baby the first time?
only the second time because antibodies have not formed yet
treat mother with rhogam….
immediately after each birth; neutralizes Rh factor before it causes a primary humoral immune response
cell mediated autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis
transplant rejection
autograft - self
isograft - identical twin
allograft - another person
xenograft - another species
immune complex autoimmune
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
immunosuppression
cyclosporine suppresses immune systesm and prevents rejection of transplants
