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microbiology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses

A

not considered cells, not considered to be alive

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2
Q

characteristics of viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasites, non living, only purpose is to make more viruses

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3
Q

what is the purpose of viruses?

A

to make more viruses

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4
Q

why are viruses not considered living?

A

not cellular, can only replicate inside of a host cell, no ATP generating system, no ribosomes, only contain ONE nucleic acid, no metabolism

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5
Q

what are viruses made of?

A

protein coat, nucleic acid

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6
Q

protein coat

A

made of capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid, responsible for shape

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7
Q

nucleic acid

A

“heart” of the virus, either DNA or RNA, not both

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8
Q

do all viruses have an envelope?

A

only some, but they all have a nucleic acid and protein coat

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9
Q

enveloped viruses

A

usually have spike proteins, extra “coat” around the capsid

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10
Q

virus specificity (3 types)

A

animal viruses, plant viruses, bacterial viruses

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11
Q

how can we classify viruses?

A

size, shape, enveloped or not, type of nucleic acid, specificity

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12
Q

what is the purpose of viruses

A

the one purpose is to replicate

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13
Q

how do viruses enter in to host cells?

A

the viral envelope or capsid fuses with the plasma membrane

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14
Q

viral budding

A

NOT THE SAME as yeast budding, the viral capsid “pinches” off with the plasma membrane of the host cell

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15
Q

lysogenic conversion

A

imparting a new characteristic to lysogenic cell from the prophage in the host cell

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16
Q

what is an oncogenic virus?

A

a cancer causing virus; the virus will enter into the body and change genetic material

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17
Q

what are ways to control viral infections

A

vaccination, anti viral medication (not antibiotics)

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18
Q

viroid

A

“naked” RNA, no protein coat, this is NOT a virus
example: potato spindle tuber disease

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19
Q

prions

A

infectious protein, not a virus and not a viroid

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20
Q

prion diseases (5)

A

scrapie, kuru, chronic wasting disease, mad cow disease, creutzfeldt Jakob disease

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21
Q

what is mad cow disease scientific name?

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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22
Q

apply enzymatic activity to the reaction of lactose to glucose and galactose

A

if we were to put lactose in water, it would take over a year to break down, with an enzyme, reaction time is sped up

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23
Q

ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA

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24
Q

can enzymes catalyze all reactions

A

no, they can catalyze spontaneous reactions ONLY

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25
Q

are all enzymes proteins

A

yes, but not all proteins are enzymes

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26
Q

what is the purpose of a cofactor

A

to “help” the enzyme bind to the substrate

27
Q

what is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?

A

a cofactor is inorganic, a coenzyme is organic (hydrocarbon)

28
Q

is a coenzyme a protein?

A

no

29
Q

what 3 factors affect enzymatic activity?

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

30
Q

how does enzyme concentration affect activity?

A

it doesn’t, only substrate concentration does

31
Q

denaturation of a protein

A

enzyme will unfold and not come back together if conditions are too extreme (ex: pH or temp)

32
Q

what is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

33
Q

why doesn’t the body use PEP/pyruvate?

A

it has twice the energy but it costs too much energy to make it, energy currency must be intermediate

34
Q

what nutrients are required by the cell?

A

carbon source, nitrogen source, certain inorganic ions, essential metabolites, water

35
Q

carbon sources

A

carbohydrates, amino acids, CO2

36
Q

nitrogen sources

A

amino acids, NH4, N2

37
Q

inorganic ion sources

A

Mg2+, PO43-

38
Q

why isn’t oxygen considered a nutrient?

A

it is not broken down for energy, it only serves at the final electron acceptor

39
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

some microorganisms can convert atmospheric molecular nitrogen into organic nitrogen

40
Q

is protein a nutrient for a cell?

A

NO, but amino acids are, proteins are too large to get in to the cells

41
Q

how do we measure growth of microorganisms?

A

measure increase in numbers

42
Q

is binary fission the same thing as mitosis?

A

no (no nucleus)

43
Q

what are the three conditions for growth of a microorganism

A

temperature, pH, oxygen

44
Q

how are optimal conditions for growth and enzyme activity related

A

an organism will grow well if its enzymes are functioning well

45
Q

aerobic

A

requires oxygen

46
Q

anaerobic

A

requires lack of oxygen

47
Q

what do all organisms produce in the presence of oxygen?

A

superoxide, it is deadly, organisms that can survive produce superoxide dismutase

48
Q

direct microscope count

A

measures growth by counting individual cells

49
Q

dilution and plating

A

counts by multiplying by dilution factor

50
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

51
Q

catabolism

A

break down

52
Q

anabolism

A

build up

53
Q

what is biological oxidation?

A

when electrons and HYDROGEN atoms are removed

54
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation (reaction)

A

C-C-C-P + ADP –> C-C-C + ATP

55
Q

what kind of respiration does streptococcus perform?

A

it is missing an enzyme, so it can only ferment (anaerobic)

56
Q

in what events is ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

in glycolysis and Krebs cycle

57
Q

what are the 2 products of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and NADH

58
Q

chaim weizmann

A

discovered process by which microbes produced acetone and butanol (fermentation)

59
Q

what kind of reaction is the ETC

A

oxidation reduction

60
Q

how does chemiosmosis lead to ATP synthesis?

A

as electrons lose their energy, they force protons to the outside, they get back in through ATP synthase, the force is the energy that joins ADP to Pi

61
Q

how does cyanide kill us

A

it binds and interferes with electron transport

62
Q

what are the core pathways?

A

Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle

63
Q

what do the core pathways provide

A

the building blocks for anabolism of nucleic acids, proteins and other nutrients

64
Q

the core pathways are critical for…

A

catabolism and anabolism

microbiology (7 decks)

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