!Practice Errors Flashcards
Central Executive
Supervises the cognitive process of memory
Type I error
False positive - detecting an effect that is not present
incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
Type II error
False negative - failing to detect an effect that is present
failure to reject a false null hypothesis
Null hypothesis
A hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.
Either that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena or no difference among the groups
True until proven otherwise
Discrimination
A behavior – the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people
Prejudice
An attitude/ idea – preconceived judgment or opinion: an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge
Reliability
Refers to how consistent or dependable the data is. One way to measure reliability is to record its stability
Validity
Refers to what conclusions we can draw from the results of a measurement
“Does the test measure what we are intending to measure?”
Sensitivity
Ability to identify disease in people who truly have the disease
> > Used to determine validity of a screening test
If sensitivity is low, it will miss cases it should detect –> leads to false negative results
High SeNsitvity = few false Negatives
Specificity
Specificity focuses on the accuracy of the screening test in correctly classifying truly non-diseased people. It is the probability that non-diseased subjects will be classified as normal by the screening test.
> > Used to determine validity of a screening test
Low specificity –> leads to false positive results
High sPecficity = few false Positivites
Symbolic interactionism
Specificity focuses on the accuracy of the screening test in correctly classifying truly non-diseased people. It is the probability that non-diseased subjects will be classified as normal by the screening test.
Important for microsociology
Social stratification
A society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political).
Availability heuristic
A mental shortcut that helps us make a decision based on how easy it is to bring something to mind. In other words, we often rely on how easy it is to think of examples when making a decision or judgment.
Representative heuristic
A mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by comparing information to our mental prototypes. For example, if someone was to describe an older woman as warm and caring with a great love of children, most of us would assume that the older woman is a grandmother. She fits our mental representation of a grandmother, so we automatically classify her into that category.
Base-rate heuristic
A mental shortcut that helps us make a decision on probability. For an example, imagine you live in a big city and hear an animal howling around midnight. You would probably assume it was just a dog, as wolves aren’t likely to be found in the city. Statistically, a wolf howling in the city would be very improbable.
Example: Anchoring heuristic (People start with an anchor then adjust up or down, but their adjustments are often insufficient. )
