D-E Flashcards
Deindividuation
When an individual loses a sense of self-awareness when in a group
Demographic shift
Increase in the median age of a country due to a rising life expectancy and/ or reduced birth rate. Has happened in nearly every country in the world as it becomes more economically developed
Depression
A low mood that leaves subjects feeling sad, hopeless, worried. Characterized by disruptions to sleep and eating and loss of pleasure
Deviance
Actions that violate social norms, either explicit rules (e.g. committing a crime) or informal mores (e.g. being atheist in a religious society)
Diencephalon
Region of embryonic neural tube that leads to the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Discrimination
When an animal learns to respond to one conditioned stimulus but gives either a different response or no response at all to a slightly different stimulus
Dissociative disorders
Mental disorders involving breakdown in memory, awareness and identity. Includes dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder), dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization disorder
Divided attention
The ability of the brain to perform multiple tasks at once (such as driving a car and talking on the phone). The brain has limited attention resources and as multiple tasks are added, especially in the same modality (listening to the radio and listening to a conversation), performance drops.
Dramaturgical approach
A perspective on sociology that focuses on the context of human behavior rather than the causes, viewing everyday social interactions as a form of performance in which people are playing roles.
Drive reduction theory
Motivation results from an organism’s desire to reduce a drive (hunger, thirst, sex)
Elaboration likelihood model
A process of persuasion in which attitudes are influenced both by high elaboration factors (e.g. evaluating and processing information) and low elaboration ones (e.g. the attractiveness of the person making the appeal.)
When people are motivated and able to think about the content of the message, elaboration is high. Elaboration involves cognitive processes such as evaluation, recall, critical judgment, and inferential judgment. When elaboration is high, the central persuasive route is likely to occur; conversely, the peripheral route is the likely result of low elaboration. Persuasion may also occur with low elaboration. The receiver is not guided by his or her assessment of the message, as in the case of the central route, but the receiver decides to follow a principle or a decision-rule which is derived from the persuasion situation.
Emotion components
- Cognition: evaluation of events
- Physiology: bodily responses
- Motivation: motor responses an emotion generates
- Expression: facial and vocal signals of the feeling
- Feelings: subjective experience of the emotion
Endocrine organs
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Adrenal medulla
- Testes
- Ovaries
Environmental justice
the effort to fairly distribute environmental benefits (clean water, parkland) and environmental burdens (industrial facilities, pollution) across all of society
Erikson stages of psychosocial identity development
Study of how external factors influence development of personality. How children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
0-2 yrs: Hopes, Trust vs Mistrust
2-4 yrs: Will, Autonomy vs Shame
4-5 yrs: Purpose, Initiative vs Guilt
5-12 yrs: Competence, Industry vs Inferiority
13-19 yrs: Fidelity, Identity vs Role Confusion
20-39 yrs: Love, Intimacy vs Isolation
40-64 yrs: Care, Generativity vs Stagnation
65-death: Wisdom, Ego Integrity vs Despair
